The history of Louisville, Kentucky spans hundreds of years, with thousands of years of human abode. Geography and location on the Ohio River drew people from the start. It is located on the Falls of the Ohio River. The rapids create a barrier for river travel, and the settlements grow at this stop point.
Louisville has been the site of many important innovations throughout history. Notable residents include inventor Thomas Edison, US Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis, boxing legend Muhammad Ali, broadcaster Diane Sawyer, actor Victor Mature, Ned Beatty and Tom Cruise, actress Sean Young and Jennifer Lawrence, singer Nicole Scherzinger, Speed ​​family <(Including US Attorney James Speed ​​and close friend Abraham Lincoln, Joshua Fry Speed), Bingham family, industrialist/politician James Guthrie, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, and contemporary writers Hunter S. Thompson and Sue Grafton.
The important events that took place in this city included the installation of the largest exhibition to date (1883) and the first large space lit by the Edison light bulb, and the first library in the South accessible to African Americans. Medical advances included the first 1999 human hand transplant in the United States and the first self-made artificial heart transplant in 2001.
Video History of Louisville, Kentucky
Riwayat permukiman Pra-Anglo-Amerika (pra- 1778)
There was a continuing indigenous human occupation of the area that became Louisville from at least 1,000 BC to about 1650 AD, when the Beaver War resulted in a reduced population of many areas of the Ohio River. The Iroquois defended this area as a hunt by conquest.
Archaeologists have identified some archaic and late archaeological sites in the Jefferson County wetlands. One of the most extensive discoveries is the Lake McNeeley Cave; many others are found around what is now the Louisville International Airport area. People from the Adena culture and the Hopewell tradition that followed him lived in the area, with hunting villages along Mill Creek and a large village near what became Zorn Avenue, on a cliff overlooking the Ohio River. Archaeologists have discovered 30 Jefferson County sites linked to Fort Ancient and Mississippian cultures, which are active from 1,000 AD to about 1650. The Louisville area is on the eastern border of Mississippi culture, which extends through the Mississippi Valley and its tributaries. The regional heads built dense villages and towns marked by large mounds of land arranged around the central plaza.
When European and British explorers and settlers began to enter Kentucky in the mid-18th century, there were no Native American settlements in the area. The country was used as a hunting ground by Shawnee from the north and Cherokee from the south.
The story of the first Europeans to visit the area, the French explorer, Renà © à © -Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1669, was disputed and unsupported by the facts. La Salle travels along the St. Lawrence to Lake Ontario, then to Lake Erie. Two priests traveling with his party left the group at the time, and the written documentation of the expedition seemed to stop. Reports of what happened are different, including neglect of travel due to illness, or onward travel but not to the Ohio River. La Salle does not claim to find the Ohio River on that trip or travel to a waterfall (from Ohio). The "invention" of the Louisville area in 1669 may thus be more appropriate for myth or legend. Next, La Salle explores the Mississippi and Ohio basin areas of the Gulf of Mexico to modern Canada, claiming most of this land for France.
In 1751, the British colonist Christopher Gist explored the area along the Ohio River. Following France's defeat in the French and Indian Wars (part of the Seven-Year War in Europe), he surrendered control over his territory east of the Mississippi River to England.
In 1769, British colonist Daniel Boone made a trace from North Carolina to Tennessee. He spent the next two years exploring Kentucky. In 1773, Captain Thomas Bullitt led the first explorers to Jefferson County, who conducted a land survey on behalf of the Virginians who had been given land grants for service in the French and Indian Wars. In 1774, James Harrod began building Fort Harrod in Kentucky. However, fighting with native American tribes established in the area forced the new settlers to retreat. They returned the following year, when Boone built the Wilderness Road and founded Fort Boonesborough at a site near Boonesborough, Kentucky. Native Americans allocate a plot of land between the Ohio River and the Cumberland River to the Transylvania Land Company. In 1776, the Virginia colony declared the Transylvania Land Company unlawful and created the Kentucky Territory in Virginia from the land involved.
Maps History of Louisville, Kentucky
Foundation sponsorship and settlement (1778-1803) Colonel George Rogers Clark made the first Anglo-American settlement around the modern day Louisville in 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. He campaigned against Britain in the northern area of ​​the Ohio River, then called Illinois State. Clark organized a group of 150 soldiers, known as the Illinois Regiment, after a massive recruitment in Virginia and Pennsylvania. On May 12, they left Redstone, today Brownsville, Pennsylvania, bringing with them 80 civilians hoping to claim fertile farmland and start a new settlement in Kentucky. They arrived at Falls of the Ohio on May 27th. It was a location that Clark thought was ideal for a communications post. The settlers helped Clark hide the real reason for his presence in the area.
The regiment helped civilians build settlements on what came to be called Corn Island, cleared land, and built cabins and springs. On June 24, Clark took his troops and went to start their military campaign. A year later, at Clark's request, the settlers crossed the river and established the first permanent settlement on the mainland. In April, they called it "Louisville", in honor of King Louis XVI of France, whose government and troops helped the colonists in the Revolutionary War. Today, George Rogers Clark is recognized as the European-American founder of Louisville; many landmarks have been named for him.
During its earliest history, the Louisville colonies and the surrounding area suffered an Indian attack, when Native Americans tried to push out the expanding colonies. Since the Revolutionary War was still being waged, all the early inhabitants lived in the fortress, as suggested by the earliest government in Kentucky County, Virginia. The early fort, at the northern end of this 12 day road, is called Fort-on-Shore. In response to the threat of British attacks, especially Bird's invasion of Kentucky, a larger fort called Fort Nelson was built north of Main Street today between the Seventh and Eighth streets, covering almost one acre. GB contract? 15,000 was awarded to Richard Chenoweth, with construction beginning at the end of 1780 and completed in March 1781. The fortress, which is considered capable of rejecting cannon fire, is considered to be the strongest in the west after Fort Pitt. Due to the declining need for a strong fortress after the Revolutionary War, it declined by the end of the decade.
In 1780, Virginia General Assembly and then Governor Thomas Jefferson approved the Louisville City charter on 1 May. Clark recruited early Kentucky pioneers James John Floyd, stationed on the city's supervisory board and authorized to plan and organize the city. Jefferson County, named Thomas Jefferson, was formed at this time as one of the three original Kentucky districts of Kentucky County, Virginia. Louisville is the seat of government.
Also, during 1780, three hundred families migrated to the area, the first firefighters in the city were erected, and the first road plan of Louisville was laid out by Willian Pope. Daniel Brodhead opened his first general store here in 1783. He became the first person out of the early fortress of Louisville. James John Floyd became the first judge in 1783 but was killed at the end of that year. The first court building was completed in 1784 as a log cabin measuring 16 x 20 feet (6.1 m). At this time, Louisville contains 63 completed homes, 37 partially completed, 22 unclosed houses, and over 100 wooden cabins. Shippingport, founded in 1785, was an important part of early Louisville, allowing items to be transported through Falls of the Ohio. The first church was built in 1790, the first hotel in 1793, and the first post office in 1795. During the 1780s and early 1790s, the city did not grow as fast as Lexington in central Kentucky. The factor was the threat of an Indian attack (ending in 1794 by the Battle of the Fallen Timbers), a complicated dispute over land ownership between John Campbell and the mayors (settled in 1785), and Spanish policy restricting American trade and traveling to Mississippi to New Orleans. By 1800, Louisville's population was 359 compared to Lexington's 1,759.
From 1784 to 1792, a series of conventions were held to discuss the Kentucky separation from Virginia. On June 1, 1792, Kentucky became the fifteenth state in the United States and Isaac Shelby was named the first Governor.
In 1803, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson to carry out expeditions throughout North America; they set it up in the Falls of the Ohio and Louisville. The Lewis and Clark expedition will bring explorers across the western US, conduct a Louisiana Purchase survey, and finally to the Pacific Ocean.
src: upload.wikimedia.org
City development (1803-1900)
Antebellum
Since the settlement, everyone and cargo have arrived by flat vessel and then the ship of elegance, both of which are non-motorized ships, which means that it is very expensive to ship goods upstream (to Pittsburgh and other developed areas). This technical limitation, combined with the Spanish decision in 1784 to cover the Mississippi River under Vicksburg, Mississippi to American ships, means there are very few outside markets for goods manufactured early in Louisville. This improved somewhat with Pinckney's Treaty, which opened the river and made New Orleans a free trade zone in 1798.
However, most of the cargo was still shipped downstream in the early 19th century, averaging 60,000 tonnes downstream to 6,500 tonnes upstream. The passing boats still have to unload all their cargo before navigating the waterfalls, gains for local businesses. The border days quickly faded, wooden houses and castles began to disappear, and Louisville saw his first newspaper, Louisville Gazette in 1807 and his first theater in 1808, and the first dedicated church building in the year 1809. All of this reflects a 400% population growth reported by the 1810 Census.
The shipping economy will soon change, with the arrival of steamers. The first, New Orleans arrived in 1811, traveling downstream from Pittsburgh. Although it made the journey in record time, most believed that its use was limited, because they did not believe that steamers could make it back upstream against the current. However, in 1815, the Enterprise, led by Henry Miller Shreve, became the first steamship to travel from New Orleans to Louisville, demonstrating the commercial potential of steamships in making upstream travel and practical shipments.
Industry and manufacturing reaches Louisville and beyond, especially Shippingport, at present. Several steamers were built in Louisville and many of the early factories and factories were opened. Other cities flourished in waterfalls: New Albany, Indiana in 1813 and Portland in 1814, each competing with Louisville to become the dominant settlement in the area. However, the population of Louisville grew by threefold from 1810 to 1820. By 1830, he would pass Lexington to become the largest city in the state, and would eventually annex Portland and Shipport.
In 1816, the Louisville Library Company, the city's first library, opened its doors with subscription-based services. Also, in a series of events from 1798 to 1846, Louisville University was founded from Jefferson Seminary, Louisville Medical Institute and Louisville Collegiate Institute.
In response to a great demand, the Louisville and Portland Canals were completed in 1830. It allowed the ship to avoid Falls of the Ohio and travel from Pittsburgh to New Orleans. In response to several epidemics and the increasing need to treat sick or injured river workers, Louisville Marine Hospital was completed in 1825 on Chestnut Street, an area now home to Louisville Medical Center.
In 1828, the population surpassed 7,000 and Louisville became the first city in Kentucky. John Bucklin was elected the first Mayor. Cities near Shippingport and Portland remain independent from Louisville for a while. The city's status gave Louisville some judicial authority and the ability to collect more taxes, allowing the establishment of the country's first public school in 1829.
In 1831, Catherine Spalding moved from Bardstown to Louisville and founded the Presentation Academy, a Catholic school for girls. He also founded the Orphanage St. Vincent, later renamed the Orphanage St. Joseph.
Louisville's famous Galt House - the first of three city center buildings to have the moniker - was founded in 1834. In 1839, its predecessor to the modern Kentucky Derby was held at Old Louisville's Oakland Race Course. More than 10,000 spectators attended the two-horse race, where Gray Eagle lost to Wagner . The race took place 36 years before the first Kentucky Derby. It is a popular competition to test the quality of horses. Louisville became a horse and livestock sales center of the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky, where horse farming became a major part of the economy and tradition.
The Kentucky School for the Blind was founded in 1839, the third oldest school for the blind in this country. In 1847, William H. Gibson opened one of the city's first schools for African-Americans in the basement of the Methodist church at Fourth and Green Streets.
In 1840 the older William Burke Belknap (1811-1884) started the Belknap Hardware and Manufacturing Company on the banks of the Ohio River.
In 1848, Zachary Taylor, a Jefferson County resident from early to early adulthood and a Mexican-American War hero, was elected the 12th President of the United States. She served only sixteen months in the office before dying in 1850 from acute gastroenteritis. She is buried at the eastern end of Louisville at Zachary Taylor National Cemetery.
After the 1850 Census, Louisville was reportedly the tenth largest city of the nation, while Kentucky was reported as the eighth most solid state.
The Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L & amp; N) companies were founded in 1850 by James Guthrie, who was also involved in the establishment of Louisville University. When the railroads were completed in 1859, Louisville's strategic location in the Falls of the Ohio became a development center and the city's importance in the business of rail transport and water transport.
On August 6, 1855, the day dubbed Bloody Monday, electoral unrest came from a fierce rivalry between the Democrats and the No-Party Know-Iter supporters. Mass Know-There is no unrest in Ireland and parts of the German city, destroying property with fire and killing many people.
Founded in 1858, the American Printing House for the Blind is the oldest of its kind in the United States. Since 1879 it has been the official supplier of educational materials for visually impaired students in the US. It is located on Frankfort Avenue in the Clifton neighborhood, adjacent to the campus where the Kentucky School for the Blind moved in 1855.
"Sold down the river"
Louisville had one of the largest slave trades in the United States before the Civil War, and much of the city's initial growth was attributed to that trade. The shifting needs of agriculture produce excess slaves in Kentucky, and many are sold from here and other parts of Upper South to the Deep South. By 1820, the slave population reached its peak in almost 26% of the Kentucky population, but by 1860, the proportion had declined significantly, although this percentage still represented more than 10,000 people. Through 1850, slave traders sold 2,500-4,000 slaves each year from Kentucky to the river.
The phrase "sold on the river" comes from the wailing of eastern slaves who are separated from their families in sales to Louisville. The slave traders gathered the slaves there until they were quite sending in groups through the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to the slave market in New Orleans. There the slaves are sold again to the owners of sugar cane and sugarcane plantations.
Louisville is a turning point for many enslaved black people. If they can go there across the Ohio River, called the "Jordan River" by escaped slaves, they have the opportunity to freedom in Indiana and other northern states. They must avoid arrest by captives who seek treasure, but many are assisted by the Underground Railroad to get further north for freedom.
Civil War
During the Civil War, Louisville was a large fortress of Union forces, which kept Kentucky at Union. It was the center of planning, stockpiling, recruitment and transportation for various campaigns, especially at the Western Theater. While the state of Kentucky officially declared its neutrality at the start of the war, the famous prosecutor James Speed, Abraham Lincoln's close brother Abraham Fry Speed, strongly advocated keeping the country in the Union. Given the strategic importance of Louisville in the freight industry, General William Tecumseh Sherman formed a military base in the city when the Confederacy advanced.
In September 1862, Confederate General Braxton Bragg decided to take Louisville, but changed his mind. There is a shortage of reserves from General Edmund Kirby Smith's forces. In addition, the decision to install Richard Hawes Confederate Governor at an alternative government in Frankfort made people think the state might change. In the summer of 1863, Confederate cavalry under John Hunt Morgan invaded Kentucky from Tennessee and threatened Louisville, before swinging around town to Indiana during Raid Morgan. In March 1864, General Sherman and Ulysses S. Grant met at Galt House to plan a spring campaign, including the capture of Atlanta, Georgia. (In 2014, that this meeting really happened has become a dispute.)
At the end of the war, Louisville himself was never attacked, despite being surrounded by battles and battles, including the Battle of Perryville and the Battle of Corydon. Unionists - most of whose leaders have slaves - feel betrayed by the Republican abolitionist position. After 1865 the veteran Confederate returned to take control of the city's politics, leading to a sense that it joined the Confederacy after the war ended.
During the postwar years, Freedmen's Bureau opened the school, led by W. H. Gibson, and a city bank to serve the currently free and growing African American population. Confederate women organized in various associations to ensure the dead are buried in the cemetery, to identify missing persons, and to build warnings for their wars and losses. In the 1890s, the warning movement was under the control of United Daughters of Confederacy (UDC) and United Confederate Veterans (UCV), which promoted "Lost Cause". Making meaning after war is another way of writing history. In 1895, in one of their successes, a Confederate monument was erected near the Louisville University campus.
Post Reconstruction
James Callahan and other regional entrepreneurs organized Louisville, Harrods Creek, and Westport Railway in 1870 and continued development through Long Depression before failing in 1879. Although LHC & amp; W never reached beyond Harrods Creek, the service was forwarded by L & amp; N and contribute to growth in the eastern suburbs of the city, especially after the LRC purchased and discharged electricity between Zane Avenue and Prospect in 1904.
The first Kentucky Derby was held on May 17, 1875, on the Louisville Jockey Club track (later renamed Churchill Downs). Derby was originally shepherded by Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr., William Clark's grandson from Lewis and Clark Expedition, and grandson of the founder of George Rogers Clark. Ten thousand spectators attended the first Derby to watch Aristides win the race.
On 2 February 1876, professional baseball launched the National League, and Louisville Grays was a charter member. While Gray is a relatively short-lived team, playing just for two years, they begin a longer relationship between the city and baseball. In 1883, John "Bud" Hillerich made his first baseball bat from white ash in his father's wood shop. The first bat was produced for Pete "The Gladiator" Browning from Louisville Eclipse (small league team). Bats are finally known by popular names, Louisville Slugger , and local company Hillerich & amp; Bradsby quickly became one of the largest manufacturers of baseball bats and other sports equipment in the world. Today, Hillerich & amp; Bradsby produces more than one million wood bats a year, accounting for about two out of three wood bats sold worldwide.
In 1877 the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary moved to Louisville from Greenville, South Carolina, where it was founded in 1859. The new campus, in downtown Fourth and Broadway, was borne by a group of Louisville business leaders, including the Norton family, eager to add professional school graduates which promises to the city's resources. It grew rapidly, attracted students from all parts of the nation, and at the beginning of the 20th century, it was the second largest accredited seminary in the United States. It moved to 100-acre campus (0.40Ã, km 2 ) currently on Lexington Road in 1926.
In February 1882, Oscar Wilde taught in the city and on that occasion met Emma Speed ​​Keats, the nephew of her poetry hero (John Keats), who had settled in the city. He is the daughter of Keats brother George Keats and he then sends Wilde the signature script by Keats from his poem 'Sonnet on Blue'.
On August 1, 1883, US President Chester A. Arthur opened the first annual South Exposition, a series of World Fairs that will last for five consecutive years adjacent to Central Park in what is now Old Louisville. Highlighted at the event was the largest installation of incandescent light bulbs, recently discovered by Thomas Edison, a former resident.
Downtown Louisville began the period of modernization in the 1890s, with the second skyscraper of Louisville, the Columbia Building, opened on 1 January 1890. The following year, renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted was assigned to design the Louisville park system (most famously, Cherokee, Iroquois and Shawnee Parks) linked by tree-lined parkways. The passenger train service arrived in the city on September 7, 1891, with the completion of the Union Station train hub. The first train arrived at 7:30 am. Union Station Louisville was later recognized as the largest train station in the South.
Interrupting this development, on March 27, 1890, a large tornado measuring F4 on the Fujita scale visited Louisville. "Tigers swirling in the air" carved the road from the Parkland neighborhood to Crescent Hill, destroying 766 buildings (property worth $ 2 1/2 million) and killing about 74 to 120 people. At least 55 of those deaths occurred when Falls City Hall collapsed. It is one of the highest casualties since a building collapsed from a tornado in US history.
In 1893, two sisters Louisville, Patty and Mildred J. Hill, both schoolteachers, wrote the song "Good Morning to All" for their kindergarten class. The song did not become popular, and the lyrics were later changed to become better known, "Happy Birthday to You". This is now the most widely played song in English.
Also in 1893, Louisville Presbyterian Seminary was founded, building a handsome campus in downtown First and Broadway (now occupied by Jefferson Community College). Eight years later, he absorbed the old Presbyterian seminary in Danville, Kentucky. In 1963 Louisville Seminary moved to a modern campus on Alta Vista Road near Cherokee Park.
src: pix2.epodunk.com
20th century and beyond
The beginning of the 20th century
At the beginning of the 20th century, the controversy over political corruption emerged in the election of Mayor 1905, called the most corrupt in the history of the city. A unique anticorruption party for Louisville, calling themselves fusionists, appeared briefly at this time. Democratic boss John Whallen managed to get his candidate, Paul C. Barth, was elected, but the result was canceled in 1907. Elections gradually became less corrupt, but the political machine would still hold considerable power for decades.
The Waverly Hills Sanatorium opened in 1910 to accommodate tuberculosis patients. The hospital closed in 1961. It was later used as a nursing home (1963-1982). It was not used for more than a decade until 1991, when it reopened for the tour.
During World War I, Louisville became home to Camp Taylor. In 1917, the British stallion "Omar Khayyam" became the first foreign-raised horse to win the Kentucky Derby. Two years later, in 1919, Sir Barton became the first horse to win the Triple Crown, although the term for the first three races was not used for 11 years.
In 1920, the first zoo in Louisville was founded in Senning's Park (now the Colonial Park), next to Iroquois Park. Hardly survived through the Great Depression, it closed in 1939. His replacement, the current Louisville Zoo, did not open until 1969.
In 1923, Brown Hotel chef Fred K. Schmidt introduced Hot Brown sandwiches at the hotel restaurant, which consisted of open-faced "sandwiches" of turkey and bacon sprinkled with cheese and tomatoes. The Hot Brown is becoming rather popular among locals and visitors, and can be ordered by many local restaurants in the area today.
Belle of Louisville, known today as the oldest operating stream steamer, came to Louisville in 1931. That same year, the Louisville City School for Negroes was established to allow black Louisvillians to attend classes. (The college disbanded into the University of Louisville with the end of the separation in 1951.)
On March 28, 1936, the river reached a level of 60.6 meters, flooding the city section. In late January and February 1937, a month of torrential rain along the Ohio River Valley prompted what was remembered as the "Great Flood." Floods drowned about 70 percent of the city and forced the evacuation of 175,000 residents. In Louisville, 90 people died. At its peak on January 27, 1937, the waters reached 30 feet (9.1 m) above the flooded surface in Louisville. Photojournalist Margaret Bourke-White documented the flood and consequently in a series of famous photos. Then, flood walls are installed to prevent other disasters.
Standiford Field was built in Louisville by the Army Corps of Engineers in 1941. Bowman Field, a smaller airport, was opened earlier in 1919.
Louisville was the center of war factory production during World War II. In May 1942, the US government commissioned the Curtiss-Wright Aircraft Company a war factory located on Louisville airfield for warcraft production. The plant produces C-46 Commando cargo planes, among other aircraft. In 1946 the factory was sold to the International Harvester, which started the production of large-scale tractors and agricultural equipment. Otter Creek Park was awarded to Louisville by the US Government in 1947, in recognition of municipal services during World War II.
Throughout the 20th century, art flourished in Louisville. Speed ​​Art Museum opened in 1927 and is now the oldest and largest art museum in Kentucky. The Louisville Orchestra was founded in 1937. In 1949 the Kentucky Shakespeare Festival began, and today is the oldest and freest Shakespeare festival operating independently in the United States. Kentucky Opera began in 1952, and Louisville Ballet was founded in the same year, though it only reached professional status in 1975. In 1956, the Kentucky Derby Festival began celebrating the annual Kentucky Derby. The following year, in 1957, the St. Art Exhibition James started. Both festivals are still popular in the region.
Decreased in mid-century
Eight whiskey distilleries opened on 7th Street after the end of the ban, and Louisville sought to annex him to increase his tax base. Not wanting to pay city taxes, the whiskey company persuaded the Kentucky General Assembly to hand over Shively Bill, which made it much harder for Louisville to annex additional areas. Distilleries use existing Kentucky legislation (which is preferred mostly by rural communities in the state) to form a city of ½ square miles named Shively in 1938. Shively grew to encompass residential areas.
In 1946 the General Assembly passed a law enabling the establishment of the Metropolitan Sewer District, and the Louisville Council of Aldermen approved its formation a few months later. With the expansion of sewer services beyond traditional city boundaries and laws that hamper Louisville's annexation efforts, the areas outside the city limits developed during the building boom after World War II became cities on their own right. This status prevents their annexation by Louisville. As a result, the Louisville population numbers are leveling up. The merging of these new communities contributed to the loss of Louisville's efforts to join Jefferson County in 1956. Louisville continues to struggle to annex land to grow.
For various reasons, Louisville began to decline as an important city in the 1960s and 1970s. The highway built in the late 1950s facilitated the movement by the emerging middle class to newly developed housing in the suburbs. With the loss of population, the downtown area began to decline economically. Many previously popular buildings are empty. Even the previously robust Brown Hotel closed its doors in 1971 (though later reopened). Fontaine Ferry Park, Louisville's most popular amusement park during the early 20th century, was closed in 1969 as people's taste for entertainment changed.
The once powerful farmers market, Haymarket, ceased operations in 1962 after 71 years of operation. The last death knell for Haymarket, already declining due to changing economic trends, is the construction of the Interstate 65 interstate passage through a major part of the open market. Not only the interstates facilitate life on the outskirts of the city, they also slice down the older urban environment and often divide it permanently.
Another large tornado explosion (F4) occurred on April 3, 1974, as part of the 1974 Super Blast that struck 13 states. It covers 21 miles (34 km) and destroys several hundred homes in the Louisville area but is only responsible for 2 deaths. It also caused great damage in Cherokee Park.
Despite the signs of this decline, a number of activities are underway that initiated Renaissance Louisville in the 1980s.
Southeast Christian Church, today one of the largest megachurches in the US, was founded in 1962 with only 53 members. In 1964, the Louisville Actor Theater was founded. It was then designated "State Theater of Kentucky" in 1974. It has created a strong regional theater.
In 1973, the racehorse secretariat made the fastest time ever run at Derby (at present distance) in 1 minute 59 2/5 seconds. His top spirits lifted interest in Derby.
There were signs of revival in the 1970s. Throughout the decade, new buildings have been built in the city center, and many historic buildings have been renovated. Public transport Louisville, the Transit Authority of River City, began operating the bus line in 1974. And in 1981 Falls of the Ohio was granted the status of a Federal conservation area.
On the downside, in the early hours of the morning of 13 February 1981, a sewer blast ripped through the southern portion of Old Louisville and near the University of Louisville. The cause is traced back to the chemical release to the sewer system from the nearby Ralston-Purina soybean processing facility.
Louisville continued to struggle during the 1980s in an effort to rebuild and expand. It fought with other Jefferson County communities in two failed attempts to join local governments in 1982 and 1983. Barry Bingham, Jr. sold the family business of Standard Gravure in 1986, which sent the company into major restructuring in subsequent years. The Courier-Journal is one of the papers printed by Standard Gravure. On September 14, 1989, Joseph Wesbecker, while on medical leave due to mental illness and work-related stress, entered the Courier-Journal building and shot and killed eight employees, wounding twelve others before killing himself.
Civil Rights Movement
During the Civil Rights Movement in the late 1950s and up to the 1960s, Louisville was affected, having retained a separate society. Civil rights groups have taken various actions to challenge it. In addition, the black environment has declined during the economic downturn of the city. The city's renewal efforts made for tangible improvements have had an adverse impact on their environmental centers.
After national civil rights laws were passed in 1964 and 1965, energy continued among African Americans to encourage social change. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) has for many years owned an office within the Parkland neighborhood, which has an African-American majority population. In Louisville, as in other cities, there is a political struggle between the NAACP and the more militant activists associated with Black Power. The last attempt to organize people was one of the catalysts for the riots. In addition, the feeling is raw because Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. had been killed less than two months earlier. On May 27, 1968, a group of 400 African-Americans gathered for a protest at Parkland. They are opposed to the possibility of restoring a white officer involved in an incident in which physical conflict occurred in the arrest of two African-American men. The group is hosted by the Kentucky Black Unity League, known as BULK. BULK has announced that Stokely Carmichael's activist will come to Louisville to speak, but he has no such plan. As the crowds gathered, the speaker spread a rumor that Carmichael's plane was deliberately postponed; angry protesters, and disturbance begins.
People who threw bottles and looted forced the police back. At midnight, rioters looted several shops in Downtown Louisville. Cars were upside down and some burned. Mayor Kenneth A. Schmied ordered 2,178 Kentucky National Guardsmen to help disperse the crowd. The mayor also issued a city curfew. 472 arrests were made during the riots, two African-American boy boys were killed, and over $ 200,000 in property damage was committed. The National Guard remained in place until June 4, 1968. After this event, the demographics of the city changed dramatically; cities became more racially segregated by the environment, and more middle-class people, from both races, moved to new housing in the suburbs.
Although the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, the Louisville public school is essentially separate, mainly because the segregation of regional housing becomes more apparent due to other economic changes. In 1971 and 1972, Kentucky Civil Liberties Union, the Legal Aid Institute, and the NAACP filed a lawsuit in federal court to elaborate school systems in Louisville and Jefferson County. The Kentucky Commission on Human Rights also filed a lawsuit requesting that desegregation be achieved through the incorporation of the Louisville, Jefferson County and Anchorage school systems, to address the segregation of settlements and the inability of cities to expand by annexation and take on more diverse areas. On February 28, 1975, the State Education Council ordered the merger of Louisville and Jefferson County school systems effective April 1, 1975.
On July 17, 1975, Judge James F. Gordon determined that the desegregation plan would be implemented at the beginning of the school year 1975-1976, beginning 4 September 1975. The school system used mandatory bushing to distribute students to integrate the new school system combined. The students are connected according to the beginning of their last name and grade level. Busing is to achieve a certain percentage of racial diversity in school regardless of where the student lives. In practical effect, the plan requires black students to be injected up to 10 of 12 years in school, and white students of 2 of their 12 years. In 1978 the judge ended his supervision of the project, but the decision remained in place. The school system continues the busing system. In the mid-1980s, the school system restructured plans to try to provide more local schools for students. Guidelines still apply to the percentage of the student population based on ethnicity.
Revitalization efforts
Since the 1980s, Louisville has had a resurgence in popularity and prosperity. This can be seen in many changes in this period, including many of the downtown infrastructure.
The retail environment is changing here and across the country. Woolworth left the business in 1990. The building in Louisville, designed by architect Frederick W. Garber and completed in 1946, was destroyed in 2004. The site was not rebuilt at the time, but was paved for the parking lot.
Many cultural displays were established or expanded during this period. The Kentucky Art Center was officially designated in 1983. In 1984, the center hosted one of the US presidential election debates between candidates Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale. Today the Center hosts many performances and performances by Kentucky Opera and Louisville Ballet. The IMAX Theater was added to the Kentucky Science Center in 1988. Phase I of Louisville Waterfront Park was completed in 1999, and Phase II was completed in 2004. Although originally built as a standard cinema in 1921, the Kentucky Theater reopened in 2000 as a performing arts venue.
In 1988, Louisville Falls Falls, the world's tallest computer fountain, began operations on the Ohio River in Louisville. The 420 feet (130 m) spray (later reduced to 375 feet (114 m) due to energy costs) and the fleur-de-lis pattern adorned the Louisville seafront until the fountain closed in 1998.
Presbyterian Church Headquarters (USA), the largest Presbyterian denomination and religious "mainline" pillar, moved to Louisville in 1988. The move was the result of a joint campaign, led by Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary, John Mulder. , Louisville Mayor Jerry Abramson, and with a seaside gift from founder Humana, David Jones.
In communications, The Courier-Journal, Louisville's main local newspaper, was bought in 1987 by media giant Gannett. The Louisville Eccentric Observer (LEO), a popular alternative newspaper, was founded in 1990. Speed ​​ was later released by Courier-Journal to compete with LEO in 2003.
In 2003, the cities of Louisville and Jefferson County merged into a government called Louisville-Jefferson County Metro Government. This incorporation makes Louisville the 16th or 27th most populous city in the US, depending on how the population is calculated. This change allows the consolidation of some services and activities to provide better governance for the region.
New changes and growth continue in the city. The entertainment and retail area is called Fourth Street Live! opened in 2004, and Muhammad Ali Center opened in 2005. Between the 1990 Census and the 2000 Census, the Louisville metro area population surpassed Lexington from 149,415, and Cincinnati at 23,278.
src: d3kxuzu0ocub6f.cloudfront.net
Preservation and presentation of Louisville history
- See also: Louisville's museum and interpretive center covering regional history
Since 1884, The Filson Historical Society (originally called Filson Club), with its vast collection, has led the way in preserving Louisville's history, and publishing articles in its quarterly journal. The University of Louisville and the Louisville Free Public Library have also kept extensive historical collections.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments