A bollard is a sturdy and short vertical post. The term originally referred to posts on ships or wharves used primarily for mooring vessels, but is now used, especially in English English, to refer to posts posted to control road and post traffic designed to prevent ram attacks and automobile attacks.
Video Bollard
Etimologi
This term may be related to tree trunks, which means tree trunks. The earliest quotation given by the Oxford English Dictionary (referring to a maritime milestone) dates from 1844, although the reference in Caledonian Mercury in 1817 described bollards as a great post. Previously, simpler terms like "post" seem to have been used. Norman-French names boulard (still commonly found in Normandy) and Dutch bolder may be related.
Maps Bollard
History
From the 17th and 18th centuries, old cannons were often used as bollards on the dock to help the Moorish ships on the side. The cannon will be buried in the ground-first muzzle up to approximately half or two-thirds long, leaving the breech (back) projecting on the ground to attach the rope. Such cannons are sometimes still to be found. Bollards from the 19th century were a goal created, but often inherited a very similar "cannon" shape.
Wood posts are used for basic traffic management from at least the beginning of the 18th century. A well-documented initial case is that of "two pole-oak" mounted on the cross of the medieval Eleanor cross at Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire, in 1721, at the expense of the Society of Antiquaries of London, "to secure Waltham Cross from injury by Carriages ". Similar posts can be seen in many paintings and historic carvings.
In the Netherlands, Amsterdam, Amsterdammertjes, was first established in the 19th century. They became a symbol of a popular city, but they are now gradually removed and replaced with high sidewalks.
Type
Maritime Maritime
In the maritime context in which the term originates, the bollard is a wood or iron pole found as a fitting deck on a ship or boat, and is used to secure ropes for towing, mooring and other purposes; or its partners on land, a wooden, iron or short stone pole on the dock where the craft can be moored. The 1867 Sailor's Word-Book in 1867 defines milestones in a more specific context as "a thick piece of wood on the head of a whale-boat, a round that harps a turn line, in order to steadily deflect it, and check the speed the animal ".
Mooring sidewalks are rarely exactly cylindrical, but usually have larger diameters near the top to prevent mooring warps (docklines) from being released. Single bollards sometimes include cross sticks to allow the mooring line to be bent to an eight figure. Small-bollards of fungi were found on the key approach to advance the boat waiting for key access.
The conventional size of the attraction or crane of the boat is known as the pull of the milestone, and is defined as the force given by the vessel under full force on the bollard mounted on the shore through a tow rope.
Traffic ball
According to Trafficcalming.org , bollards can be used, either to control the size of traffic intake by restricting movement, or to control the speed of traffic by narrowing the space available. The Israeli Transport Research Institute found that placing a milestone on the highway to control traffic also reduced accidents.
Permanent bollards intended for traffic control purposes can be mounted close enough to each other so they block regular cars, for example, but are placed large enough to allow vehicles and special purpose bikes to pass through. Bollards can also be used to attach a car-free zone. Bollards and other street furniture are used to control excess parking to sidewalks and pingirs.
High (1.15 meter/4 feet) sleek (10 cm/4 inch) red neon or orange plastic bollards with reflective tape and removable heavy rubber base are often used in road traffic control where traffic cones are inappropriate because the width and their ease of movement. Also referred to as a "delineator", the base is usually made of recycled rubber, and can easily be attached to the road surface to resist movement following the small impact of passing traffic. The term "T-top bollards" refers to a T-bar printed at the top to tie the ribbon. Bollards are considered an economical and safe system of depiction for busy roads and arterial roads; and, together with plastic tape, for pedestrian control.
The traffic bollards used in the US are very similar to devices found throughout the UK, with the following exceptions:
- Trellis milestones display MUTCD symbols (Manual Traffic Control Uniforms)) Keep Right "(R4-7).In addition, traffic milestones also have yellow diamonds under the" Keep Right "symbol instead of yellow shield.
- Unlike many of the traffic sidewalks found in England, most of the new modern road sidewalks installed along the current highways are made of materials that make them completely folded. When hit by a vehicle at low or high speeds, the traffic milestone shell returns to its original position with minimal to no damage to the unit.
Luminous balloons
Internally illuminated traffic bollards have existed throughout the UK since the 1930s, although the term "bollard" seems to have only been in public use since the late 1940s. An illuminated milestone has a base light unit hidden in a foundation that illuminates a traffic milestone from all angles. The main components are placed beneath the surface of the road or pedestrian (usually a concrete surface). Therefore, if the vehicle hit a traffic milestone, the unit below the surface is not damaged.
They are primarily used at the intersection of roundabouts within the island splitters (areas raised or painted on a roundabout approach used to separate entry from outbound traffic, turns and incoming traffic slow, and provides stopping places for pedestrians crossing the road in two stages) and at opposite ends of the island pedestrian protection, usually located at the pedestrian crossing mid-block. Illuminated milestone is also used in Hong Kong, the former British colony.
Illuminated milestones are also used to complement road signs and street lighting to provide visual cues to approach the driver that there are obstacles ahead during dark hours and during low visibility periods: (fog, rain, snow, fog, etc. ) And to indicate that braking may be necessary.
Reflective bollards can also be used; they do not need power or maintenance, and can be built to recover into their normal position after being hit.
Bell bollards
Bollard bell is a bollard style designed to deflect vehicle tires. The wheel climbs the underside of the post and is deflected by its increasing slope. Such sidewalks are effective against heavy goods vehicles that can damage or destroy conventional bollards or other types of street furniture. The variant on bell bollard is "Martello bollard", its sloping shape inspired by Martello's historic tower profile.
removable bollards
Bollards may depend on the soil surface, allowing them to be folded flat to allow the vehicle to run over them. In such cases it is generally equipped with a padlock at the base, to prevent it being unloaded without proper authorization.
Removable bollards can be fitted to a permanent metal ground socket, from which they can be removed completely to allow traffic to pass. A polypropylene soil socket is also available that protects the paving and foundations from damage when the milestone is struck. This design uses a self-locking taper to allow the bollards to be easily removed and removed.
Milestones that can be withdrawn or "up" can be lowered entirely below the road surface (generally using electrical or hydraulic mechanisms) to allow traffic to pass, or be raised to block traffic. Roll bollards are used to secure sensitive areas of attack, or to enforce time-related traffic regulations, or to restrict access to certain traffic classes.
Manually retractable bollards (lowered by key mechanisms) are found to be useful in some cases as they do not require retrofitting to existing landscapes, or electrical connections or hydraulic systems.
The term "robot bollards" has been applied to traffic barricades that are able to move themselves to a position on the highway.
Self-righting or self-recovering bollards can take a boost from the vehicle and return to an upright position without causing damage to the bollard or vehicle. They are popular in car park buildings and other areas of high vehicle use.
Flexible bollards
Flexible bollards are bollards designed to be bent when hit by a vehicle. They are usually made of synthetic plastic or rigid rubber, but are flexible under the weight of a car or truck. When attacked, flexible bollards usually bend 90 degrees to the ground - avoid damage to the vehicle and the surrounding surface - and return to its original position, upright. While flexible bollards do not provide physical protection from vehicles, they offer clear visual guides for drivers.
Racing race
Some forms of motorsport use removable bollards, high visibility on street courses and street courses to mark the top of a certain angle. They are used to block out too tight corners and breaking track boundaries: in most racing series, drivers may be subject to punishment for colliding or driving inside these bollards.
Bollards racing is very light and built to break at the base when crashing so as not to damage the vehicle; These bollards feature make them more favorable than "sausage curbs" - also used to prevent cutting corners - which is a high rigid structure that runs along the inside of the turns. In contrast to bollards, curb sausage is much less forgiving, and vehicles that bump into them can be severely damaged or launched in the air after contact.
Bollard cover
A more recent development in bollard technology is the bollard cover. They are used by many industries and communities as a cost-effective way to improve security and refresh old and worn looking bollards without having to actually replace the original milestone. They inserted existing milestones and can come in different shapes and styles. Because they are easily removed, they can be replaced quickly and depending on the material, they may not need to be painted and resistant to scratches and other damage. Trash cans are usually made of recycled plastic that is difficult and has high visibility colors to ensure the rider sees it. Decorative bollards are used in road areas to enhance the look and may be equipped with LED lights to improve visibility and security at night.
Protective bollards
Bollards are used by government agencies and private businesses to protect public spaces, buildings, and people in them from car attack attacks. They typically consist of simple steel posts either anchored to the concrete, dumped onto a hard surface, buried in the ground or secured on a taper self-locking or impact recovery system to protect the surrounding foundation when a milestone is struck.
These bollards protect utilities, electronics, machinery, buildings, or pedestrians from accidental collisions by vehicles, including passenger vehicles, truck transport, and fork lifts. Because collisions can cause damage to vehicles, carriers, or bollards themselves, new sidewalks have been developed that absorb some of the impact energy, reducing crash violence. Some are made of forgiving plastic while others are made of steel but are equipped with elastomers to absorb impact energy.
Bollards are widely used to contribute to safety and security. The American Bar Association (ABA) states that bollards are used to contribute to domestic security. The site of the National Building Science Institute of America - The Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) - recommends in its Design Guide that open spaces that surround and adjacent to buildings are incorporated as an integral part of the security design.
There are two main types of security related milestones:
- bollards that are not jammed
- bollards crash-and attack-resistant, hardened barrier systems used to protect the military, government and other buildings or higher security compounds. They are often used by retailers to prevent "ram-robbing" thefts. Large concrete planters are a decorative alternative to traditional bollards.
According to the National Institute of Building Sciences, non-crash-resistant bollards are "perceived barriers to access" and deal with the actions of two groups.
- A law-abiding person obeying civil behavior rules as determined by the manner in which the bollards are used;
- Potentially threatening and annoying people for whom bollard apps are rude by announcing their anticipated behavior, and that additional level of security awaits them.
Rings bollards are becoming more prevalent around the world to inhibit vehicle-based terrorist acts from reaching close to buildings, and are also used to prevent terrorist-vehicle attacks such as the Glasgow International Airport 2007 attack. They are also useful in versatile public spaces, which support the use of pedestrians and use of emergency vehicles or services. These bollards are usually priced between $ 11,000 to $ 100,000 depending on their ability to withstand a crashing vehicle, based on speed. The most expensive bollards can stop the vehicle at a speed of about 50 mph (80 km/h).
Bollard arms in various alloys or finishes are designed to cover security bollards to enhance their visual appeal.
U-Shaped Bollards are commonly used for equipment protection and are very common in areas that require coverage in a larger area than normal Bollards, such as Fuel Stations and Bicycle Lines.
Dragon Teeth
Large concrete structures called dragon teeth were created during World War II to slow down, stop or distribute enemy tanks.
Bollard lights
Bollard lamps are architectural outdoor lighting types consisting of short, upright units, which usually provide light from the top or the side, and are used to illuminate paths, steps or pathways.
Solar bollards store energy during the day to light up at night. They use a photocell or algorithm that determines whether a solar cell receives light to determine when it should be illuminated.
Other apps
The National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities (NCEF), administered by the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS), cites three dozen bollards applications. The following list of open areas is covered by the ABA, NCEF and WBDG recommendations:
In the fire emergency
According to the International Fire Code (IFC-2009) and the American National Fire Protection Association Fire Code 1 (NFPA-1) all new buildings or renovated buildings must have fire access roads to accommodate fire and crew apparatus and other first responders. Thus the bollard style option should be applied to the NFPA Code 1710. Bollards are now designed in terms of how long it takes to delete or collapse it to allow entry of the first respondent into the access path.
Architectural design functions
Below are the objectives and design requirements of buildings under fire or related security cases on campuses and their relationship with the use of bollards in accordance with the Higher Education Facility Association.
- Accessible: bollards of fire lanes will accommodate people using wheelchairs
- Aesthetics: the fire path and bollard style complement the surrounding landscape design
- Cost Savings: the cost of the life cycle of the fire path system
- Functional/Operational: The building architect determines whether entry to the building envelope can accommodate first responders or whether entrances require retrofits, and authorities with jurisdiction and first responders determine whether fire lines are accessible via bollards in emergency conditions
- Historical Preservation: City planners address special needs in historic districts and historic buildings to accommodate fire lanes and bollards.
- Earning: HR Officers comment on the perceived safety of those working in a protected building, and all respondents first submit their ability to work under fire prevention conditions
- Safe/Safe: Put in by building safety or security personnel and first respondent representatives to make sure the hallway and stairs can accommodate the first respondent and that the fire path is free of all 24/7 obstacles
- Sustainability: Landscape architects and surveyors comment on the long-term sustainability of the areas affected by fires and use by first responders.
Artwork
In Geelong, Victoria, Australia, decorative bollards, carved and painted by Jan Mitchell, are placed around the city to enhance the landscape as a public statue form outside the room. Usually they are made of wood, minimally modified from traditional bollard shapes, cylindrical, wood, maritime, but brightly painted to resemble human figures. Such characters - who may be historical or contemporary, specific or generic - are laid singly or in groups along the waterfront and in other areas where people gather. Decorative bollards have become a well-known feature of Geelong city and reflect its history as Australia's premier port.
In Antwerp, Belgium, artist Eddy Gabriel turned a milestone to look like an umbrella mushroom in 1993. This example was followed by another artist, transforming the Scheldt river dock into a street art gallery.
In Norwich, England, a set of 21 milestones was installed in 2008 in the Lanes area north of City Hall, designed by artist Oliver Creed and commissioned by the City Council as part of the regeneration program. They are colored "crazy red", referring to the red dye taken from the more angry plants and used for dying fabric, one of the city's major industries during the 16th century; and they gave birth to a bronze finial also referring to local history. 10 of which illustrate the more angry plants, while the other 11 have unique designs, usually relevant to the particular location where the milestone is placed, including the sheep shearing scenes, the Green Man, Swan swan head, and so on. in.
On the front page of Cambridge University Library, UK, the line 14 bronze bollards are made to resemble a stack of books installed in 2009. This work, Ex Libris , was created by sculptor Harry Gray. The ten outer sidewalks are static, but the "books" that make up the four center bollards can be rotated, so that the letters on their thorns are aligned to form the Latin phrase Ex Libris ("from/out of the books") , commonly used in bookstores.
Many other cities, such as Winchester, England, and Pristina, Kosovo, have been painting ordinary bollards in unusual decorative patterns. See the "External links" section for instructions to Wikimedia Commons as an example.
Gallery
See also
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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