The trench train represents a military adaptation of the early twentieth-century railway technology to the problem of keeping soldiers supplied during the static warfare phase of World War I. The large army and artillery concentrations at the frontline require the transmission of large numbers food, ammunition, and fortification where transport facilities have been destroyed. Reconstruction of conventional streets (at that time rarely appear) and trains too slow, and facilities remain an attractive target for enemy artillery. Trench railways connect front with standard gauge rail facilities beyond the reach of enemy artillery. Empty cars often bring back injured children from the front.
Video Trench railways
Overview
France has developed Decauville portable trains for agricultural areas, small-scale mining and temporary construction projects. France has a standard 600 mm ( 1Ã, ftÃ, 11 5 / 8 In ) Decauville's narrow gauge of military equipment and Germany adopted similar feldbahn with the same measuring instrument. The Light Rail of the British Department of War and the US Army Transportation Corps uses a narrow gauge system of France 600Ã, mm . Russia uses Decauville 600 mm narrow gauge and 750 mm ( 2Ã, ftÃ, 5 1 / 2 in ) the narrow gauge system.
Unskilled workers and soldiers can quickly assemble a 5-foot (16 ft 5 inch) section of the lane that weighs about 100 kilograms (220 pounds) along the road or over a smooth field. This track distributes heavy loads to minimize the development of muddy slides through unpaved surfaces. The small locomotive pulls a short train with a capacity of 10 tons (22,000 pounds) of cars through a minimum clearance area and a small radius curve. Derailments are common, but light rolling stock is relatively easy to rerail. Steam locomotives usually carry a short flexible pipe (called a water lifter) to fill the water tank from the flooded shell holes.
Steam locomotives produce smoke that reveals their location to enemy artillery and planes. They need fog or darkness to operate within the front visual range. Daytime transport usually requires animal strength until an internal combustion locomotive is developed. Large amounts of straw and wheat are brought forward because horses in battle remain important for logistics. Animal feed for horses is the largest single commodity exported from England to France during the war.
Maps Trench railways
French Supplies
French equipment is mostly designed on the initiative of Artillery Captain Prosper PÃÆ' chot starting in 1888. 10 tonnes (22,000 pounds) Fairlie articulated 0-4-4-0T PÃÆ' © chot-Bourdon locomotive named for him and fabricated Bourdon from regiment engineer 5 ( 5e rà ©  © giment du gÃÆ'  © nie) in Toul. Before the outbreak of the war, 150 km of 60 cm military line was piled at Toul, along with 20 locomotives and 150 carts.
The French military had 62 PÃÆ' Â © chot-Bourdon types built between 1888 and 1914. Baldwin Locomotive Works built 280 more during the war. "SystÃÆ'¨me PÃÆ' Â chot" as its name in French became the dominant system for trench railways with about 7,500 km of lanes built by the 5th engineer regiment.
250 8-ton (18,000 pounds) 0-6-0 T from Decauville Progres design built for military service. 32 0-6-0 T American designs and 600 55-kW gasoline mechanical locomotives (74 hp) were purchased from Baldwin Locomotive Works.
The Maginot line uses 600 mm ( 1Ã, ftÃ, 11 5 / 8 at ) measures the supply system of gasoline-powered locomotives and underground electric locomotives that pull cars from World War I designs. Two Chot-Bourdon locomotives are maintained in the Dresden and Prague technical museums. Some of the Somme battlefield railways continue to operate and have been preserved as a legacy of the Froissy Dompierre Light Railway.
German Supplies
Orenstein and Koppel GmbH produce portable tracks. Krauss designed Zwillinge 0-6-0T which is meant to be operated in pairs by taxi together. Zwillinge offers Mallet locomotive performance through tight corners, but damage to one unit will not disable the latter. One hundred eighty-two Zwillinge was produced from 1890 to 1903, and its shortcomings were evaluated in West Germany's West West and Chinese Boxing Rebellion.
The design of 11-ton Brigadelok (24,000Ã, Â £ lb) 0-8-0T with client-Lindner articulation of front and rear axles was adopted as a new military standard in 1901. About 250 were available in 1914, and over two thousand produced during the War. Brigadelok usually handles six cars loaded up to 2% grade.
Germany also has about five hundred 0-4-0T, three hundred 0-6-0T and forty 0-10-0T other design locomotives in military service.
Deutz AG produces two hundred 4-wheel internal combustion locomotives with an evaporative cooling water jacket that surrounds a single cylinder oil engine. Fifty 6-locomotive locomotives are manufactured by Deutz.
About 20% of Brigadeloks see postwar use. Government trains (Yugoslavia), Macedonia, Serbia, and Poland exploit extensively military locomotives. Significant amounts are used in Hungary, France, Latvia, Bulgaria and Romania while smaller numbers go abroad to Africa, Indonesia, Japan and North America. Most of the remaining trench train equipment in Belgium at the end of the feud was shipped to the Belgian Congo to build the Vicicongo line.
English Tools
The UK chose the Hunslet Engine Company design 4-6-0T as the standard for the French rail gauges; but the production of Hunslet from 75 locomotives is insufficient. Baldwin Locomotive Works produces 495 15-ton (33,000 pounds) 4-6-0T from unsatisfactory American designs while Hudswell Clarke and Andrew Barclay Sons & amp; Co built 83-0-6-0T locomotive. One hundred and thirteen tons (33,000 pounds) 2-6-2T from American standard military design was later purchased from Alco's Cooke Locomotive Works for British use.
Britain spearheaded the use of a gasoline-powered four-wheel mechanical locomotive locomotive, known as a tractor for daytime use in front of the visual range. In 1916, the War Office required a 600-mm "Petrol Trench Tractors" capable of drawing 10 to 15 tons at 5 mi (8.0 km) per hour. The initial tractor weighs 2 tons. Total production is 102 7 kW (9.4 hp) Ernest E. Baguley tractor, 580 15 kW (20 hp) Motor Rail tractor and 220 30 kW (40 hp) Motor Rail tractor. An additional two hundred 30-kW (40-hp) gasoline-electric tractor is produced by British Westinghouse and Dick, Kerr & amp; Together..
The former British trench railway equipment was used to rebuild the Vis-en-Artois between Arras and Cambrai. Twenty Hudswell-Clarke and Barclay 0-6-0T, seven Alco 2-6-2T and 26 Baldwin 4-6-0T machine saw services until 1957.
American Supplies
Baldwin Locomotive Works produces 15 tonnes (16.5-short-ton; 14.8-long-ton) 2-6-2T totaling 5001-5195. No. 5195 was sent to Davenport Locomotive Works as a pattern for their design production, while others were sent to Magor Car Company to test the production operation of their military train car. Two lost in the sea, and the rest 191 saw service with the US Army in France. Locomotive originally painted gray with black smoke box. White letters were applied for initial production, but black writing was used in France. Baldwin also built 5 tonnes (5.5-short-ton, 4.9-long-ton) 26 kW (35 hp) and 7-ton (7.7-short-ton; 6,9-long-ton) 37 kW ( 50 hp) 4-wheeled mechanical gasoline locomotive for the US Army. The lighter locomotive is numbered 8001-8063. Heavier locomotives are numbered 7001-7126 and operated at 2 meters per second or 6.56 feet per second (7.2 km/h or 4.5 mph), roughly the speed of a slow runner.
Standard American military train car measuring 170 centimeters (5 feet 7 inches) and 7 meters (23 feet) in two four-wheeled bombs. 1,695 cars were built by Magor Car Company, American Car and Foundry and Ralston Steel Car Company. Most of the trains carry, but some have gondola sides, others have roofs (either with open sides or like conventional carriage wagons) and others carry shallow rectangular tanks with a capacity of 10,000 liters (2,600 US gal; 2,200 Ã, Â ° C) drinking water. Trolleys and tankers are considered top-heavy and prone to derailment; so most loads are carried with gerboles and gondolas. Approximately 1,600 4-wheel side dump cars are produced in several versions for earth-moving construction. The total number of cars shipped to Europe is 2,385.
Davenport Locomotive Works builds one hundred and fifty tons (16.5-short-ton; 14.8-long-ton) 2-6-2T and Vulcan Iron Works builds thirty more. Whitcomb Locomotive Works built 74 7-ton (7.7-short-ton; 6.9-ton-long) 4-wheeled mechanical gasoline locomotives. None of Davenport, Vulcan and Whitcomb saw production services abroad, but some survivors to World War II at US military bases including Fort Benning, Georgia, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, Fort Dix, New Jersey and armory in Alabama.
Russian Equipment
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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