Railway transport is the use of trains and trains to transport cargo compared to human passengers.
freight trains or freight trains are groups of freight cars (US) or freight cars (International Union of Railways) drawn by one or more locomotives on trains, transporting all cargo or part of the way between the sender and the intended destination as part of the logistics chain. Trains may transport bulk materials, intermodal containers, public transport or special-purpose specially designed cars. The practice of railway transport and the economy varies by country and region.
When considered in units of ton-miles or tonnes of kilometers drawn per unit of energy consumed, rail transport can be more efficient than other means of transportation. Maximum economy is usually realized by bulk commodities (eg, coal), especially when transported over long distances. However, shipping by train is not as flexible as the highway, resulting in many truckloaded transport, even for long distances. Moving goods by train often involves transhipment fees, especially when the sender or receiver does not have direct rail access. These costs may exceed the operation of the train itself, a factor that practices such as compaction aim to minimize.
Video Rail freight transport
Overview
Traditionally, large senders build factories and warehouses near railroads and have sections of lanes on their property called siding where goods are loaded into or derived from rail cars. Other senders have their goods transported (dampened) with carts or trucks to or from goods stations (US delivery stations). Smaller locomotives move trains from side stations and goods to classification pages, where each car is paired with one of the few long-haul trains assembled there, depending on the purpose of the car. When it is long enough, or on schedule, each train is remotely sent to another classification page. In the next classification page, the car is placed. Those destined for the station are served by a page assigned to local trains for delivery. Others are reassembled onto the train leading to the classification yard closer to their final destination. The single car may be reclassified or activated within a few meters before reaching its final destination, a process that makes the delivery of trains slow and increases costs. Many freight trains operators try to reduce these costs by reducing or eliminating movement in yard classification through techniques such as railway units and containers. In many countries, railroads are built to transport a single commodity, such as coal or ore, from the inland point to the harbor.
Train transport using many types of carts (UIC) or car transport (US). These include boxed (UIC) or public-covered (UIC) cars for general merchandise, flat (US) or flat-carriage (UIC) cars for heavy or heavy loads, good carriages or "low haul" carts for transporting road vehicles; there is a refrigerator for transporting food, a simple open cart type to transport bulk materials, such as minerals and coal, and tankers to transport liquids and gases. Most coal and aggregates are transported in hopper or hopper (AS) or open carriage (UIC) cars that can be filled and disposed of quickly, to enable efficient material handling.
The main disadvantage of rail transport is the lack of flexibility. Partly for this reason, trains have lost a lot of goods transport business to land transportation. Many governments are now trying to push more shipments to the rail, because of the environmental benefits they will receive; rail transport is very energy efficient. Compared with ground transportation using u ?? truck, rail transportation ensure th? t th? t ?? uld? therw ??? b? transported? the number of trucks being transported? single delivery. Th ?? save? many ?? f? r ?? costs associated with the transport concerned.
In Europe (mainly England) many manufacturing cities were developed before the railroads. Many factories do not have direct rail access. This means that the goods must be shipped by post of goods, shipped by train and disassembled at another station of goods for subsequent shipment to another factory. When trucks replace horses, it's often economical and faster to make one move by road. In the United States, particularly in Western and Mid-West cities developed by railroads and factories often have direct rail links. Despite the closure of many small-line caravan shipments from one company to another by the railway remains common.
The railway is an early user of automated data processing equipment, starting at the turn of the 20th century with perforated cards and unit recorders. Many rail systems have switched to scheduling and optimizing computers for trains that have reduced costs and helped add rail traffic to the rails.
The railway connections with other modes of transportation vary widely. There is virtually no interaction with air shipments, close cooperation with sea transport and the most competitive relationship with trucking and long-haul barges. Many businesses ship their products by train if they are sent remotely because it can be cheaper to ship in bulk by train than by truck; but barge delivery remains a worthy competitor where water transport is available.
Freight trains are sometimes illegally ridden by individuals who have no money or desire to travel legally, a practice called "jumping". Most of the carriages sneak into the laps of the trains and rush into the hopper cars. The bolder Hopper will catch the "on the fly" train, that is, while on the move, causing occasional casualties, some of which are not recorded. The act of leaving the city or area, by jumping freight trains is sometimes referred to as a "catch-out", as in chasing a train out of town.
Maps Rail freight transport
Bulk
Bulk cargo is the majority of the tonnage carried by most freight trains. Bulk cargoes are commodity cargoes transported in large quantities of packaging. This cargo is usually dropped or poured, with a spout bucket or shovel, as a liquid or solid, into a railroad car. Fluids, such as petroleum and chemicals, and compressed gases are carried by trains in tank cars.
Car hopper is a freight car used to transport dry bulk commodities such as coal, ores, grains, ballasts, and the like. This type of car is distinguished from a gondola (US) car or an open cart (UIC) because it has an opening door on the underside or on the sides to pull out its cargo. The development of hopper cars is in line with the development of automated handling of these commodities, with automatic loading and unloading facilities. There are two main types of car hopper: open and closed; Closed hopper cars are used for cargo that must be protected from elements (especially rain) such as wheat, sugar, and fertilizers. Open cars are used for commodities such as coal, which can be wet and dry with less harmful effects. Hopper cars have been used by trains around the world every time automatic cargo handling has been desired. Rotary car dumper just reverse the car to dismantle it, and has become the preferred dismantling technology, especially in North America; they allow simpler, louder, and more compact usage (since the sloping tip is not necessary) the gondola instead of the car.
Traffic heavy duty ore
The heaviest trains in the world carry mass traffic such as iron ore and coal. The load can reach 130 tons per cart and tens of thousands of tons per train. Daqin Railway transports more than 1 million tons of coal to China's northeast coast every day and in 2009 is the busiest freight line in the world. Such an economic scale lowers operating costs. Some freight trains can be more than 7 km long.
Containerization
Containerization is an intermodal goods transport system using standard shipping containers (also known as 'ISO containers' or 'isotainers') that can be loaded with cargo, sealed and placed onto container ships, trains and trucks. Containers have revolutionized cargo shipments. In 2009 about 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide was moved by containers piled on transports; 26% of all container transshipment is done in China. In 2005, approximately 18 million containers totaled more than 200 million trips per year.
The use of the same base size of the container across the globe has reduced the problem caused by unsuitable rail gauge sizes in different countries by making transshipment between different gauge trucks easier.
While containers typically travel hundreds or even thousands of kilometers on a railway line, the Swiss experience shows that with well-coordinated logistics it is possible to operate a viable intermodal cargo transport system even in a country as small as Switzerland.
Stacking double stack
Most flatcars can not carry more than one standard 40-foot (12.2 m) container above the others due to limited vertical permissions, although they can usually carry two weights. Takes half of the weight that may be inefficient. However, if a rail line is built with sufficient vertical distance, a double-stack car can accept the container and still leave enough room for the other containers above. This usually precludes the operation of double-rolled carriages on the track with the power cord above the head. China runs a double-stack train with overhead cable, but does not allow two maximum height containers to be stacked.
In the United States, Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) with Malcom McLean came up with the idea of ​​the first intermodal double-stack car in 1977. SP then designed the first car with ACF Industries in the same year. Initially slow to become the industry standard, then in 1984 the President of the American Lines began working with the SP and in the same year, the first "double stack" train left Los Angeles, California for South Kearny, New Jersey, under the name of "Stacktrain". Along the road the train was transferred from SP to Conrail. This saves the sender money and now accounts for nearly 70 percent of freight transport of modular goods in the United States, in part because of the generous vertical clearance used by the US railroad. These lines are operated with a cordless overhead diesel.
Double buildup is also used in Australia between Adelaide, Parkes, Perth and Darwin. This is just an overhead cable without overhead cables. The Saudi train used a double-stack in the Riyadh-Damman corridor. Double stacking is used in India for specific delivery lines.
Playing highways and piggy back services
In some countries rolling highway, or rolling road, trains are used; the truck can drive directly to the train and drive again when the final destination is reached. Such systems are used in the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France, as well as on the Konkan Railway in India. In other countries, the tractor unit of each truck is not carried on the train, only the trailer. Piggy back public trains in the United States, where they are also known as trailers on flat trains or TOFC trains, but they have lost market share to containers (COFC), with longer, 53 foot containers are often used for domestic shipments. There is also a roadrailer vehicle, which has two sets of wheels, for use on trains, or as a trailer of road vehicles.
Custom cargo
Some types of cargo are not suitable for compaction or bulk; These are transported in special cars specially designed for cargo.
- Cars stacked in autorack open or closed, vehicles being driven or off the carrier.
- Steel plates are transported in a modified gondola called a coil car.
- Items that require a certain temperature during transport can be transported in a refrigerator (rock, US) or refrigerated van (UIC) car, but the cooled container becomes more dominant.
- Medium beam is used to carry wood and other building materials.
- Extra heavy and heavy loads are brought in Schnabel cars
Less than haulage
Less-than-charged freight is a load that does not fill box or box crates or less than Boxcar payload
Regional differences
The railway is subject to the network effect: the more points connected, the greater the value of the system as a whole. Early railways were built to carry resources, such as coal, ores and agricultural products from inland to port for export. In many parts of the world, especially the southern hemisphere, it is still a major use of freight trains. Greater connectivity opens up the rail network for the use of other goods including non-export traffic. Railway network connectivity is limited by a number of factors, including geographical barriers, such as oceans and mountains, technical incompatibilities, especially racers and different railway tracks, and political conflicts. The largest rail network is located in North America and Eurasia. Long distance carriages are generally longer than passenger trains, with longer efficiency improvements. The maximum length varies widely by system. View the longest train for train length in different countries.
Generally trucks drive the most tonnage of all traffic in most economies. Many countries are moving to increase the speed and volume of rail transport in an attempt to win top markets or to free burdened roads and/or accelerate shipments in the age of online shopping. In Japan, the tendency to add rail deliveries is more due to the availability of workers than to other concerns.
Rail transport tonnage as a percent of the total transferred by the state:
- Russia: about 12% in 2016 up 11%
- Japan: 5% in 2017
- US: 40% in 2009
- China: 8% in 2016
- EU28: less than 20% of all "landline traffic" by 2014
Eurasia
There are four main interconnected rails on the Eurasian mainland, along with other smaller national networks.
Most countries in the EU participate in the network of automatic meters. The United Kingdom is connected to this network through the Channel Tunnel. The Marmaray project connects Europe with eastern Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East through rail tunnels under the Bosphorus. The 57-km Gotthard Base Tunnel enhances the north-south rail connections when it opens in 2016. Spain and Portugal are largely broad gauges, although Spain has built some standard gauges connected to Europe's high-speed passenger network. Various electrification and signaling systems are in use, although this is not a delivery problem; However, the above electrification prevents the double-stack service on most lines. Buffer-and-clutch coupling is commonly used between freight vehicles, although there are plans to develop an automatic coupler compatible with Russian SA3. View train clutch conversion.
Countries of the former Soviet Union, along with Finland and Mongolia, participate in networks using Russian gauges, using SA3 saver tools. The main line is electric current. The Russian Trans-Siberian Railway line connects Europe with Asia, but does not have the required distance to carry double-stacked containers. Many connections are available between Russian measuring countries and their standard gauge neighbors in the west (across Europe) and south (to China, North Korea, and Iran via Turkmenistan). While the Soviet Union has an important railway connection to Turkey (from Armenia) and to Iran (from Nakhchivan Azerbaijan's residence), it has not been functioning since the early 1990s, since a number of frozen conflicts in the Caucasus region have forced the closure of rail links between Russia and Georgia through Abkhazia, between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and between Armenia and Turkey.
China has a wide network of standard gauges. His freight trains use Janney couplers. The Chinese railway is connected to a standard North Korean gauge network in the east, with Russian-gauge Russian, Mongolian and Kazakhstan networks to the north, and with a meter gauge network of Vietnam in the south.
India and Pakistan operate entirely on a wide gauge network. Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts currently limit rail traffic between the two countries into two passenger lines. There are also links from India to Bangladesh and Nepal, and from Pakistan to Iran, where new connections, but little used, to the standard gauge network are available in Zahedan.
The four major networks of Eurasia are connected to neighboring countries and to each other at some point of measure. Containerization has facilitated greater movement between networks, including the Eurasian Land Bridge.
North America
Canada, Mexico, and the United States are linked by a wide-ranging, standard integrated rail network. The only exception is the isolated Alaska Railroad, which is connected to the main network by barge rail.
Railways are also standardized in North America, with Janney couplers and compatible air brakes. The main variations in measuring loading and maximum car weight. Most trackage is owned by a private company that also operates a freight train on the line. Since the Staggers Rail Act of 1980, the US freight industry has largely deregulated. Freight cars are routinely exchanged between operators, as required, and identified by corporate reporting alerts and serial numbers. Most have automatic machine-readable identification transponders. With the exception of being isolated, freight trains in North America are transported by diesel locomotives, even in Northeast Northeast with electricity.
Sustainable sustainable product development includes increasing the number of pathways to carry heavier and higher loads, especially for double-stack services, and building more efficient intermodal terminals and transload facilities for bulk cargo. Many railroad crossing in Chicago, and a number of improvements are being made or proposed to eliminate congestion there. The 2008 US Railway Enhancement Enforcement Act requires that final conversion be a Signal Positive Train signal.
The Guatemalan train is currently inactive, preventing the southern rail transport of Mexico. Panama has a freight train service, recently converted into a standard gauge, parallel to the Panama Canal. Some other rail systems in Central America are still operating, but most have been closed. There has never been a railway through Central America to South America, but connections, FERISTAA, from Mexico to Panama, have been proposed in the past.
South America
Brazil has a large rail network, mostly gauge gauges, with a wide gauge. It runs some of the world's heaviest iron ore trains on its meter gauge network.
Chile and Argentina have an Indian gauge network in the south and a meter gauge in the north. The meter gauge network is connected at one point, but there is never a wide gauge connection. (Meter gauge between two broad gauge networks, Transandine Railway is built but not currently in service. See also Trans-Andean train line. ) Most other countries have some rail systems, if any.
Africa
African railways were largely initiated by colonial powers to bring inland resources to ports. There is little concern for interconnection eventually. Consequently, there are various standards of gauges and couplers used. The measuring network 3Ã, ftÃ, 6Ã, in ( 1,067Ã, mm ) with the Janney screw serves southern Africa. East Africa uses a meter gauge. North Africa uses standard measures, but potential connections to the European standard gauge network are blocked by the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Australia
Rail was developed independently in various parts of Australia and, as a result, three main rail gauges were used. The Trans-Australian Railway standard gauge reaches the continent.
Statistics
In 2011, the North American railway operated 1,471,736 cargo cars and 31,875 locomotives, with 215,985 employees, coming from 39.53 million cargoes (an average of 63 tons each) and generating $ 81.7 billion in freight revenue. The largest US Train (Class 1) carries 10.17 million intermodal containers and 1.72 million trailers. Intermodal traffic is 6.2% of tonnage and 12.6% of revenue. The largest commodities are coal, chemicals, agricultural products, non-metallic minerals and intermodal. Coal itself is 43.3% tonnage and 24.7% revenue. The average distance is 917 miles. In the US railways carry 39.9% hauling by ton-miles, followed by trucks (33.4%), oil pipelines (14.3%), barges (12%) and air (0.3%).
Trains carry 17.1% of EU shipments in ton-km units, compared to land transportation (76.4%) and inland waterways (6.5%).
Train of goods named
Unlike passenger cars, the carriage of goods is rarely named.
- Super C
- "Juice Cars"
- Railex
Freight trucks
Although traveling by solitude on freight trains peaked during the depression, it is still practiced as the only way of long distance travel for transients and the poor.
- Hobo
- Freighthopping
See also
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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