model vehicle or toy vehicle is a miniature car representation. Other miniature motor vehicles, such as trucks, buses, or even ATVs, etc. Often included in this general category. Since many miniature vehicles were originally intended for children as toys, there is no precise difference between model cars and toy cars, but the word 'model' means the necessary assembly or accurate rendering of actual vehicles on a smaller scale. Hobby-building kits became popular during the 1950s, while miniature collection by adults began to pick up momentum around 1970. Precision-detailed miniature made specifically for adults is an important part of the market since the mid-1980s (Gibson 1970, p. Ã,9; Harvey 1974; Johnson 1998, p.Ã, 5).
Video Model car
Histori
The miniature model of the car first appeared in Europe around the time of the original car. Then, shortly after, they appeared in the United States (Harvey 1974, p.Ã, 1995-1996). These are toys and replicas that are often made of tin and brass (Harvey 1974, p. 1995). Later models made in the early twentieth century were cast or cast iron plaster. Tin and military automobiles, trucks, and military vehicles, such as those made by Bing from Germany, were introduced in the 1920s through the 1940s, but period models rarely mimic the actual vehicle, possibly due to the roughness of early casting and metal forming techniques (Harvey 1974 , p.Ã, 1995, 1997). Casting vehicles in various alloys, usually zinc (called zamac or mazac), became popular in the late 1930s and remained prominent after World War II (Earle 2009).
Post-war, tin tin and zinc diecast are the most popular materials used in Europe and Japan. Metal toys mass production diecast also appear in America, but unlike in Europe, they are often more rough and less detailed. Meanwhile, the use of plastic surged and became popular in the mid-1950s. During the 1950s and 1960s, tin and pressed steel were seen extensively in Japan, which was commonly used in 1970s diecast. In 2000, China and other countries in Southeast Asia became the major producers of diecast metal companies headquartered in Europe, the United States and Japan. Generally, by 2015, only special models for collectors are still made in Europe or the United States. Car Models and related brands and people have been inducted in the Model Car Hall of Fame since 2009.
Compose 'real'
Many early car models were not meant either as toys or to collect. In the 1920s, real carmakers will design and build a full scale and model for design or promotion. CitroÃÆ'Â · n of France, for example, made its own model for promotional purposes as early as 1923 (Force 1991, p.Ã, 105; King 1986, p.Ã, 176, 258-259). Sometimes styles or concept models are made of wood or clay, often on a 3/8 scale (see Stambler 1966, pp. 2-7, Ford Motor Company 1953). From 1930 to 1968, General Motors sponsored the Fisher Body Craftsman Armament Competition in which hundreds of modelers competed for a scholarship (Purdy 2004; Fisher Body 1956). The emphasis is to gain recognition for creativity that will lead to the possibility of a job as an industrial stylists.
In-house models can also be exact replicas made of the same material as real vehicles. For example, Hudson Motor Car Company made twelve precise replica replicas of a 1932 vehicle to be promoted at the 1932 New York Auto Show (see Hudson display model). Around the same time, but in a different vein, Studebaker made wooden models of cabriolet above twice the actual size of the car. The vehicle was stationary at the company base and large enough to hold the entire band mostly played for shooting (Quinn 2004). Over time, companies in the United States, Europe and Asia are making, providing, or selling toys or precision promotional models to attract the next generation to their products. More models also show ads on their bodies for non-automotive promotions.
Scale size
Toy scales and car models vary according to historical precedents, market demand, and the need for detail. Many real-world car companies' models are made by full-size professional modelers, or on very large scales such as 1: 4, 1: 5, 3: 8, or 1:10 to describe features and proportions. For toys, many European pre-war cars and trucks are made to be displayed with the layout of the railroad, producing a 1:87 scale (1 to 2 inches, or HO) or a general scale of 1:43 (about 4 inches, or an O-scale). Other companies make vehicles in variations around 1:40 to 1:50. Some companies are smaller to attract the hands of smaller children (around a 1:60 scale or about 3 inches), which increases the profit margins in packing more items per carton, and increasing the profit per vehicle sold. Others move to a scale greater than 1:43 to 1:40, 1:38 or 1:35. Later, the popular scale is even bigger. In the United States, 1:25 (6 to 7 inches) becomes the key measure for a plastic promotion model, while European producers go to 1:24 or 1:18 (about 9 inches). The larger 1:12 scale is sometimes seen and less often, 1:10 or 1: 8. At the other extreme, some very small toys since the 1980s are quite accurate to about 1: 120 (little more than an inch ).
Materials and markets
Toys in the United States are almost always simple castings of zamac, steel or pressed plastic and often consist of only seven parts (car body, four plastic wheels and two axles) - while more complex plastic and zamac models Europe often has precise details with more functioning features (Ralston 2007). It provides instruction in different regions of the world and diverse cultures, markets, labor and their economies.
Europe quickly developed its marketing niche after World War II. The greater availability of labor there generally allows the development of relatively complicated toys to serve different markets in different countries. In the United States, a thinner workforce will not allow complicated toys with open doors, veils, and interiors complete with all the details, so often single castings with multiple parts. Sophistication in America does come in the form of a detailed (but only throwing) promotional model for automotive dealerships that precede the emergence of automotive kits for assembly.
Maps Model car
Die casting Europe
Among the more collectible vehicles in Europe after World War II and during the 1950s, smaller scales, such as 1:43, and 1:64 generally became popular first. Since the 1980s, many assembly-scale automobile assembly plants made of diecast metals have become more and more uncollected adults and less and less like toys. In addition to smaller scales, these models are produced on various scales like 1:12, 1:18, and 1:24.
Early European diecast
Northern Europe and the British Isles were home to the most successful European producers of the 1950s and 1960s in a post-war revitalized economy across the continent (Rixon 2005, p.9). Quite popular is the model produced in the modified train model scale from 1:43.
Examples of well-known companies are (or) Corgi Toys, Dinky Toys, Matchbox, and Spot-On Models from the UK; Solido, Norev, and Majorette of France; Schuco Modell, Gama, and Elbow of (West) Germany; Tekno from Denmark, and Mercury, Polistil and Mebetoys from Italy. Soon after the war, Belgium made Septoy and Gasquy. Even Israel is quite successful with Gamda Koor Sabra making her own tool for some unique models. The non-market communist system states also have several successful factories, such as the Kaden and Igra models of Czechoslovakia, Espewe of East Germany, and Estetyka of Poland. State factories of the Soviet Union (commonly known as Novoexport, Saratov, or Tantal) produce many carefully crafted diecast models on a 1:43 scale. This is known for its intricate details, many parts, and fine construction.
The larger size in die-cast grew from the offer of European companies such as Polistil, Schuco Modell, and Martoys, which later became Bburago. Scale 1:24 and 1:18 did not become very popular until the late 1980s when other brands such as Yatming and Maisto were produced in Hong Kong or China by American or Asian companies. 1:87 scale of plastic vehicles, related to train modeling or not, also continues to be popular in Europe. Although European companies continue, today, China is now a diecast production center. Postwar European diecast models are produced in fairly simple form, such as Dinky Toys (often on 1:64 or 1:43 related trains). Dwarf production began in 1934, while Matchbox cars (often around 1:64) were introduced in the mid-1950s. This die-cast toy does not feature any opening sections. Influenced by market forces and by improvements in production technology, companies are beginning to improve the quality of toys over time. The "best" fixes are often copied by the competition within 1-2 years of their appearance in the market. Examples include plastic windows, interiors, separate wheel/tire assemblies, work suspensions, moving openings/components, jeweled headlights, mask spraying or tampo printing, and low-speed 'swift' wheels.
By the 1970s, model makers began to feel increasing cost pressures. Often pressing tooling for a new model may cost more than 30,000 pounds (over 50,000 USD). Companies started offering fewer new problems and models became simpler with fewer opening sections (Harvey 1974, p.Ã, 1998).
Trend detail toys
The larger 1:24 scale models and the larger 1:18 became very popular in the toy and hobby centers during the 1990s, but less popular around 2010. These sizes are generally made with attention to details of real vehicles, such as steering, and opening doors, luggage/boot, and hood/cap. Detailed interior, instrument panel, trunk/boot with spare tire and engine compartment are common. Chassis often shows the ins and outs of the exhaust system and suspension. Work suspension systems are often included. On a smaller scale, some details are often omitted, so in 1:43, 1:64, or 1.87 car scales, steering work is not common. Likewise, only the front door and hood may be open, with back doors and luggage not open. (There are exceptions, of course, such as steering with levers in Ford Mustang late 1960s by Matchbox or steering patents at 1:32 Modarri toy cars.)
Over time, market pressures have led to further changes in the way models are designed and manufactured. In the 1960s, many European models opened components and work components, but today only a few smaller scale toys. More parts that work means more production costs and Hot Wheels and Matchbox vehicles now rarely have such features. Currently, the number of moving parts has been reduced even in large-scale models. For example, the premium model maker AUTOart introduced racing and sports cars on a 1:18 scale with no opening section.
Die cast seconds
Also important is the model diffusion that dies for companies in other countries who can not afford the cost of tooling for their own new path. Traditionally, when European companies have finished marketing their models, newer dies are developed and introduced and older dies are sold to other companies, often in less developed countries.
In the early 1970s, Dinky tooling became 'Nicky' Toys in India, just like the older Matchbox models became 'Miltons' or Corgi died to 'Maxwell'. Many of the earlier dead made by Corgi, Efsi, Tekno, Sablon or Solido, traveled south in Europe to Spanish or Portuguese companies such as MetOsul, Nacoral or Auto Pilen. Politicians became MacGregor in Mexico and also appeared in plastics in the Soviet Union. Previously Solido and Schuco died on their way to Brazil. Even some of the previous Hot Wheels tools from Mattel appeared in Argentina as Muky. Tomicas became Yat Mings, Tomicas and Yat Mings became Playarts, and the Matchbox toolbox reappeared in other forms in many places.
This trend is almost always a diffusion from more advanced industrialized countries to the less developed industrialized countries and often the result is worse paint, incorrect zamac alloys, and improper assembly. One example is a copy of Ediltoy Italia made by Meboto in Turkey. The Argentine Mukys display paint that is flat and dull, unlike the bright colors of the original Hot Wheels. At the other extreme, Auto Pilen from Spain is a beautifully copied exception and model. It's as good, or sometimes better, than the original Dinkys or Solidos in quality and paint.
Asian Production
On the heels of European diecast companies in Europe and the United States, Asian countries began to become strong during the 1970s. In Japan, after a great success with a large tin toy car in the 1950s, Tomica by Tomy (formerly Tomiyama) became the Box of Matches Japan and their American-marketed Pocketcars appeared in the United States for several years. Later, Japanese companies such as Yonezawa Diapet and Kyosho handle large-scale diecast as well as remote control vehicles.
Hong Kong is an early toy maker and innovator in terms of diecast and plastic creations. Mattel outgrows the production of Hot Wheels to a colony company and then companies like Yatming start small and then move on to larger and more sophisticated scales. Zylmex (seen as Zee Toys) is an Asian competition like MC Toy (which means Mae Cheong). Playart is another diecast manufacturer of diecast seconds with tools gleaned from Tomica or Yat Ming. Soon the Maisto conglomerate was formed from Mae Cheong and May Tat, with major production facilities in Thailand. French Majorette also built their main factory in Bangkok. Hot Wheels production shifts to Malaysia and sometimes India, while Matchbox sees models made first in Macau, then Thailand and mainland China.
Several other model brands sporadically appeared in Singapore (Mandarin), South Korea (Jet Cars), or Taiwan before European, Australian, and American companies started outsourcing. Traditional European brands such as Solido and Norev started production in China, while other new producers such as Greenlight, Jada Toys, M2 Machines or Johnny Lighting based their production on the mainland. Meanwhile, production continues in Southeast Asia in Thailand and Malaysia, and around 2005 producers such as Disney Pixar and Japan Tomica began producing quality vehicles in Vietnam.
Collecting
The organized collection of car models developed as soon as the model first appeared on the market. Even before companies like Corgi and Dinky were ten years old, adults collected them, mainly in England and the United States (Gibson 1970, p.Ã, 10). Often, too, adults seek childhood pleasure, collect what they have destroyed in youth or what their parents have been discarded (Ragan 2000, p. 6). It also leads to the foundation of the Diecast Hall of Fame in 2009.
Adult collector
Many manufacturers began to serve the adult collector market. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, David Sinclair in Erie, Pennsylvania, was important in bringing new, more sophisticated and rarely manufactured and made years to the United States (Donnelly 2012). Brand models such as Rio, Western Model, Brooklin, Idea3, and Pirate Model are sold to adult collectors for the first time (Donnelly 2012, p 56-57). Many of these are handmade in smaller amounts of white metal. Also in the early 1970s, artisans such as Carlo Brianza and Michelle Conti began to make vastly detailed replicas in Italy and Spain - costing hundreds or even thousands of dollars (Harvey 1974, pp. 1995-1997). In addition, the Pocher company, from Italy, made a very complicated device on a 1: 8 scale (Harvey 1974, 1995).
Around the early 1990s, many began collecting and recording vehicle variations in miniatures (in a way similar to stamps or coin collecting) that led to increased value, especially for rare models (eg, see Parker 1993). This led to mass producers such as Matchbox (specifically with the Yesteryear Series model) and Corgi deliberately serving the market segment at a higher price with an exclusive limited edition 'collectible vehicle (Stoneback 2002, p.Ã, 48). Thus, this smaller movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s gradually brought up an enormous premium market segment in the early 1990s.
License
The collector market also caused unknown licensing aspects until the 1980s. In the 1950s and 1960s, models were produced spontaneously without licensing agreements, and real carmakers saw them as free advertising (Clor 1990). Currently, model companies have licensing arrangements with real car manufacturers to make replicas of their products, whether it's concepts, cars in current production, or models that are no longer manufactured.
Licenses appear on the model in which the model car manufacturer entered a similar license agreement. Expensive licenses, which increase the position of mass manufacturers of model cars, while smaller companies have been marginalized and forced to go out of business (Clor 1990). For example, when Ferrari signed an exclusive agreement with Mattel's Hot Wheels, companies like Solido and Bburago felt the crisis, and Bburago left the business (though the name was eventually bought back by Maisto).
Manufacturers and locations collectible
Manufacturers focusing on premium models, usually in white metals and sometimes resins, including Brooklin Model, Western Model, Land Enchantment, Conquest/Madison, Durham Classics, Elegance Model, Mini Auto Emporium, Mini Marque, Motor City USA, Tron, Starter, RacingModels, SMTS and Victory (for example, see Olson 2008, pp.Ã, 137-154). Some of them began production in the 1970s and 1980s and were handmade in the United States, Canada, or England with occasional constructors in France, Belgium or the Netherlands. Some geographical oddities include Goldvarg (made in Argentina) and some early Milestone models made in South Africa. Mail order companies such as Franklin Mint and Danbury Mint also focus on the collector market, albeit in a more popular vein.
Since 2000, more than 50 different diecast, resin and white metal plants in the UK, France, Italy, Ukraine and Russia have exploded into the adult collector market. These include Spark, Odd, FDS, YOW Modellini (from Japan) and many others. Since 2000, companies such as Altaya, Ixo, and Model Car World (for example, with the White Box line) have started in Europe - with increasingly visible production in China. Many of these producers focus on global marques production cars produced in Russia or Brazil. Some of these companies only produce kits - others produce kits and build them for ordering. The other is a professional kit maker, which does not produce the kit itself.
Promotional model
Promotional models are sometimes used when genuine car manufacturers contract with models or toy companies to make copies of their real vehicles. Some early promotional models originated in the early 1930s, when TootsieToy introduced the 1932 Grahams line and later, 1935 LaSalle. Both are diecast and are available in a box with the brand name displayed with appropriate logos and colors (Seeley, No Date). National Products made 1/28th scale models starting in 1934. Later producers like Winross, Lesney Matchbox, Lledo, AHL, and White Rose used their toy vehicles to advertise logos on the side of them promoting various companies.
In the US, Banthrico began producing car model diecast promotional banks in the late 1940s for the banking industry. These coins are available as gifts to customers who open a new account and have a slot at the bottom to replace their change. Usually the name and address of the bank is painted on the roof of the car. The Banthrico model is also painted in authentic Three Great colors and is used as a "paint chip" so dealers can measure the forthcoming colors in real models. This primitive promotion includes Buick, Cadillac, Lincoln, Packards, DeSotos, Chryslers, Dodges, Ramblers and Chevrolet and Fords more commonly.
In the United States, the word 'promo' is usually associated with a 1:25 scale plastic, pre-assembly model. In Europe, promotions are made in smaller vehicle sizes at zamac diecast on a 1:32, 1:43, or 1:50 scale. In the case of Chrysler's Turbine Car, where 50 original cars were put into consumer use, the model by Jo-Han was widely distributed as a goodwill movement by Chrysler, although Turbine was never really marketed (Lehto 2010, pp. 89, 101).
Plastic promo
About when Banthrico declined as a promotional maker, two companies, PMC and Model Ideal (later Jo-Han) introduced a plastic promotion model to the public. Similar to manufacturers of metal models Banthrico, PMC is also widely made in the form of banks. Many Chevrolet bank models have a note at the bottom "To help save a rainy day, or to buy a new Chevrolet". The scale for this car is 1:25, but some Chevrolet and Plymouths are manufactured on a larger 1:20 scale. Other less well-known plastic companies such as Lincoln Line, Cruver or Burd Manufacturing, make occasional promotional models even though the car may not be a company specialty (Consumer Guide 1979, 34-37).
AMT started producing friction and 1/25 coaster models assembled in 1948. This is largely a promotional model made for car dealerships. Children will be given a scale model to play with while the parents and the seller are bargaining. Collecting and trading these "promos" soon became a popular pastime. AMT soon took over SMP, another manufacturer of plastic promotion models. In 1960, the Wisconsin-based PMC stopped producing promo models, though it continued to make toys.
Interest in hobbies peaked during the 1950s and 1960s, with AMT, Jo-Han, and Model Products Corporation (MPC) as a major promotional producer.
Along the way, the promo manufacturers are at the whim of real car makers and will respond to specific scale demand, paint colors, and other details like work suspension or even, on occasion, detailed machine, or other opening features (Doty 2000a, p. 89).
American promo details
These plastic models are very detailed, with body scripts, trims, and emblems, as well as dashboard details, exact duplicates of the real thing, on 1/25 scale. Typically, each car manufacturer will assign their car license to one or more model companies. Sometimes the contract looks little by little - for example in 1965, Chrysler has promos made by AMT, Jo-Han, and MPC (Doty 2000b, pp.Ã, 87-88). But it is often one of the 3 GREAT preferred model makers. For example, Jo-Han produces most of Chrysler and Cadillac and Oldsmobiles products from GM, while AMT does Chevrolet, Buick, Pontiac, and Ford. American Motors Corporation shares promotional duties between Jo-Han and AMT depending on the year. Also, contracts sometimes change between companies for similar models almost every year. For example, Jo-Han unusually produced the Ford Torino 1972, and MPC did a full-size Chevrolet in the early and mid-1970s. While Jo-Han did Chrysler from the start, MPC took pentastar in the mid-1970s. 1968 to 1970 Chevy Impala kit made by MPC and AMT, such as some Camaros (Doty 2000c, pp. 87-88). Trying to beat the competition to the market, sometimes model companies will make a 'guess' on a special model for Big 3 members for a given year and thus get the details wrong (Doty 2000c, pp.Ã, 88).
Typically, promos have fewer parts and details than kits. For example, while kits often have open hoods, separate engines and suspension parts, promos are usually printed as coaster models (no friction motors) with hoods as an integral part of the body and no machine details. The body is often sprayed the actual paint color from the manufacturer. The chassis is one piece of plastic with a lower engine, exhaust, and suspension detail formed with a metal shaft that enters through a hole in the plastic. No suspension parts are in operation. AMT is famous for printing sales specifications into the chassis. Promo 1962 Ford Galaxie, for example, has 13 different facts printed on the chassis of "Accurate holiday trunk volume - 28 cu. Ft" to the fictitious "Eternal elegance with the power to please".
Marketing approach
The commercial version of the promo is also marketed and sold at retail stores such as Zayre and Murphy USA from the early 1960s, until around 1973. The difference from dealer promos is the lack of official paint schemes of manufacturers and often the addition of friction motors located in the front axle, visible by a studded white vinyl teeth protruding around the shaft (and through the oil pan). However, they are painted and look as attractive as the dealer promo.
Some model companies sell unbranded promo car versions, which are usually simpler and easier to assemble than the annual kits (with machines and special parts available on large abandoned devices). They are formed in color (not traditional white) and are easily assembled without glue (so no glue or paint is needed). When assembled it is almost identical to a much more elite promotional model. What usually gives them away is that they are mostly formed in non-metallic colors that are brighter without paint matching the color of the official 'Big 3'. The "Craftsman" series of promo-like AMT models have perforated bodies for mirrors and antennas - so the final appearance of the model is not exactly like a promo (which will not have a custom part attached to the car body). Perhaps, because of the promo display, however, today's often higher priced orders than detailed "3-in-1" kits, especially the AMT Craftsman series from the early and mid-sixties.
Once owned by Sevilla Enterprises, Okey Spaulding buys the dead Jo-Han, which produces some of Jo-Han's original models in limited quantities. These include the 1963 Chrysler Turbine Car, the 1959 Rambler wagon station, and some of the original Oldsmobiles and Plymouths of the 1950s. However, he has had financial problems since the beginning, and there is no indication that he will be able to continue to produce Johan's desirable line.
European Promotions
With the exception of some companies like Stahlberg who make large-scale plastic promotion models from Swedish Volvo and Saab in American style, European promotions are usually based on a 1:43 metal or 1:32 metal diecast model manufactured as toys or collector items, often brightly colored or with tampo display or authentic silk screen for commercial products. Companies that generally do promotion in Europe are NZG Model, Conrad Model, Gescha in Germany and Tekno and Emek Muovi in ​​Denmark and Finland, respectively. Tekno is one of the first European companies to offer a wide variety of promotions. Almost all brands of European model toys have some sort of promotional service, but in Germany, the 1:50 scale is, and remains very common for trucks. In the United States, such diecast companies are rare, but Winross Model and Pennjoy are some of the most successful examples of European styles, especially Winross who has been making models since the early 1960s.
Another variation on promotion is the entire line of toys or brands that are made to represent the vehicles that are exhibited in certain automotive museums. An example is the German Cursor Model that makes a special model on display at the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Sindelfingen, R.A.M.I. by J.M.K. from France who made the vehicles at the Automobile de RochetaillÃÆ'Â Ã © e sur SaÃÆ'Â'ne in France, or also the Italian Dugu Miniautotoys that made vehicles for the classic car museum in Turin.
Package model
The miniature scale of real production vehicles, designed as kits for children or fans to build, can be made of plastic, die-cast metal, resin, and even wood. In the plastic model kit, the parts are formed in a single 'tree' with thin connections that can be easily cut for painting and assembly. The parts are printed in various colors, white being the most common in the 1960s and 1970s. Some chrome-plated parts to simulate the bumper, grille, wheels, and other parts that may be chrome on the actual vehicle. Tires are most often formed with rubber. A water 'slide-on' sticker is usually included along with instruction brochures.
The best kits have an incredible level of accuracy, even in detail and parts that are not visible when the model is finished. Major producers are AMT, MPC, Revell, Monogram, and Tamiya but many small plastic companies, such as Aurora, Pyro, IMC, and Premier have come and gone.
Pioneers
The hobby model "kit" car started in the post-World War II era with the wooden model of Ace and Berkeley. Revell pioneered a plastic model car in the late 1940s with their Maxwell kit, which is basically an untested tug-of-war version. Derek Brand, from England, pioneered the first real plastic kit, the 1932 Ford Roadster for Revell. He is also known for developing a line of 1/32 model scale cars in the UK for Gowland brothers. The device was later introduced by Revell in the US as the "Highway Pioneer" Series (Funding Universe webpage; Gowland & Gowland 2007).
On the heels of a promotional model business, Aluminum Model Toys or AMT introduced car kit models in 1957. Jo-Han, Revell, and Monogram also started producing car kit models around this same time. Most of these are known as "yearly" kits, and are unbranded kit versions of promotional or "promo" models representing new cars introduced at the start of each model year. In early 1962, the industrious British collector, Cecil Gibson, had even written a book on plastic model cars (Gibson 1962). In the mid-1960s, plastic kit models became more and more diverse, with an increased level of detail. Typically, kits often have open hoods, separate engines and detailed suspension parts.
Customizers
The mid-1960s were generally regarded as the "golden age" of the plastic model car kit. Many special modelers and customizers, renowned for their wild creations, are hired by model companies to sponsor and create new kit designs. George Barris, Darryl Starbird, and Alexander Brothers work for AMT. Tom Daniel designed the vehicle for Monogram and Mattel. Dean Jeffries is employed by MPC. Bill Campbell created a hippie monster design for Hawk. Ed Roth, famous for his 'Rat Fink' was employed by Revell around 1962. Many of these customizers created original cars and had to have specialists turn their creations into kit model shapes. Jim Keeler, the model kit designer for Revell, brought a very detailed model car in the world in the early sixties and is credited with bringing Ed Roth's famous hot rod and hot habits to the model car market. He also designed Revell's Custom Car Parts that allows the workshop maker to add engines, special wheels and other special features to the existing model. Keeler then proceeds to Aurora Plastics and innovates Prehistoric Scenes, which is a very detailed model of prehistoric dinosaurs. Many Keelers design kits are still sold in the 21st century.
In addition to making them stock, most of the annual kits offer "3 in 1" versions that allow builders to assemble cars in stock, custom, or racing form. MPC joined the kit/promo business in 1965, and among their first annual kit/promo, was the full-size Dodge Monaco, which was released with metallic metallic body and is a valuable collection of items today.
Reject and revival
Interest in the car kit model began to decline in the mid-1970s, and while the exact cause is not entirely clear, some factors are a sharp rise in the price of plastics, parents become cautious of 'glue sniff' and, later, Miller 2011). The revival was seen in the late 1980s, especially among adults, when Monogram introduced a series of replicas of NASCAR racing cars, as did AMT with the Chevrolet Nova 1966 kit, which American modelers have been asking for years. New model-specific magazines are popping up, such as Auto Fan Scale , (now just Auto Scale ) and Car Magazine Model â €! '. These magazines spread the word, help the advertisers, and bring new generations of models together from all over the country.
Many kits from the golden age of modeling have been re-published. Not only does this allow craftsmen to build the car they want (but can not get or buy), but tend to lower the price from the original. In some cases, car models from the 1950s and 1960s have been issued with new equipment, allowing for more detail with modern kit design and manufacturing methods. These include the 1966 AMT Fairlane and 1967 Impala SS, and the 1967 Chevrolet Monaco 1965 and the Super Sport Impala.
Currently, the car company model is still in business, driven by this new interest. ERTL takes over AMT and MPC which are now both under the name of LLC Round 2. Revell and Monogram have merged. Current modelers can take advantage of modern technology, which includes photo details, chrome foil adhesives for chrome trim, cable for machines, and billet-aluminum parts. Many builders today can build a model that resembles a real car in miniature, far more than can be done with the same device basically over forty years ago.
The Internet has also encouraged a growing modeling community through websites, online forums and bulletin boards, and websites that hold photographs, allowing the hobby to expand internationally.
Japanese device
Japanese modeling companies - Tamiya, Fujimi, Aoshima, and Hasegawa, among them - also increased their presence in the US market during the 1980s and 1990s. Lesser known kit manufacturers, at least in the United States, are Doyusha, Yamada, Nichimo, Otaki, Marui, Rosso, and Arii. Japanese kits are generally known to be very detailed and of very high quality. Most of the subjects of these companies are Japanese cars, both classic and current (and, of course, ships, planes and military vehicles). For example, Hasegawa and Aoshima made a detailed model of the first generation Toyota Celica, which has become something classic. However, Hasegawa also produced a 1/25 scale model from 1965-66 American cars, including the 1965 Chevrolet Impala, and 1966 Buick Wildcat, Cadillac Coupe DeVille, and Thunderbird Landau. This is actually a simplified and modified Johan and AMT kit for the Japanese market.
Short-term multimedia package
Since the mid-90s several companies including: Tameo, Studio 27, Model Factory Hiro, and Renaissance have released hundreds of Sport Cars and Formula 1 subjects in a limited multimedia kit that runs. This "multimedia" offer consists of a combination of resin, white metal, photo-etch, and aluminum machines rather than injecting plastic components. The most popular scales are 1/43, 1/20, and 1/24. This high-quality multimedia kit requires extensive construction expertise to complete, and is marketed to international competition enthusiasts.
Supported models
Although most car models are static display items, individual model builders sometimes use their vehicles in various ways, including rubber bands, springs, inertia mechanisms, electric motors, internal combustion engines, air engines and steam engines. In order not to be too fragile, powerful models are often simplified and not as detailed as the best static models. For this reason, some modelers disperse almost all powered miniature cars as toys; Yet many individual efforts and commercial products are quite good and detailed that they deserve to be called models. The main types of commercially-powered car models that are manufactured commercially include:
Uncontrolled model , developed in the 1930s and general until the 1960s. Often guided by rails between wheels, or by moorings lurking into the center of a circle, most of these cars use a small internal combustion plug engine and are known as moored cars.
Electric-powered car slot that draws power from the track. They became very popular in the 1960s, but commercial slot racing cars suffered rapid popularity declines by the end of the decade. By the late 1970s, slot car hobbies had significantly reduced, especially public tracks that operated large-scale automobiles, and modeling generally declined (HO Slot Car Racing 1999-2011). One website attributes the weakening of the hobby for both aging baby-boomers along with the fragile economy of the slot car industry and the closure of many commercial slot car slots as possible as toy companies offering smaller sets for home use (Slotblog 2007). A wide range of electric powered vehicles, but available today - in various forms.
Spring car models or "business hours", which are wrapped with keys or by friction mechanism. This is common until slot cars replace them in the 1960s. In fact, the first commercially successful slot car, the 1/32 Scalextric line (originally 1:30) that debuted in 1957, was a simplified version of the previous Scalex Clockwork racer.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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