The NarvÃÆ'¡ez expedition is a Spanish exploration and exploration journey beginning in 1527 intended to build colonial settlements and garrisons in Florida. The expedition was originally led by PÃÆ'¡nfilo de NarvÃÆ'¡ez, who died in 1528. More people were killed when the expedition traveled west along the unexplored Gulf Coast in the United States today and into Southwest America. Only four original members of the expedition survived, reaching Mexico City in 1536. These survivors were the first Europeans and Africans to be known to see the Mississippi River, and across the Gulf of Mexico and Texas.
NarvÃÆ'¡ez's crew initially numbered about 600, including men from Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Italy. The expedition soon encountered disaster. Making a stop at Hispaniola and Cuba on the way to Florida, the fleet was destroyed by a storm, amongst other storms, and lost two ships. After landing near the Gulf of Sarasota, the expedition was split, with 300 people shipped ashore for gold. They face many attacks by indigenous peoples and suffer from illness and hunger. In 1528 September, after efforts by survivors to sail on an emergency raft from Florida to Mexico, only 80 survivors were swept into Galveston Island off the coast of Texas. The lost victims are enslaved by Native American tribes, and more men continue to die from harsh conditions.
Only four of the original party - ÃÆ' lvar NÃÆ'ºÃÆ'  ± ez Cabeza de Vaca, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, AndrÃÆ'  © s Dorantes de Carranza, and enslaved Moor Surevanico - survived the next eight years, where they wander through what is now America Southwest States and northern Mexico. They finally met the Spanish slave catcher at Sinaloa in 1536, and with them, the four men finally reached Mexico City. Upon his return to Spain, Cabeza de Vaca wrote of an expedition in his book La RelaciÃÆ'³n ("The Relation"), published in 1542 as the first written account of North America. In addition, it will be published under the title Naufragios ("Shipwreck").
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On December 25, 1526, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, also known as Carlos I of Spain, granted a license to PÃÆ'¡nfilo de NarvÃÆ'¡ez to claim what is now the Gulf Coast of the United States for the Kingdom of Spain. The contract gave him a year to gather troops, leaving Spain, finding at least two cities of one hundred each, and two additional garrison fortifications anywhere along the coast. NarvÃÆ'¡ez had to secure his own funding for the expedition. He recruited investors by marketing a promise of wealth comparable to that recently discovered by HernÃÆ'¡n CortÃÆ'Â © s in Mexico. He also asked for lots of debt to him, and used this money to pay big expenses from the expedition.
Appointed by the Spanish Crown as treasurer and sheriff, ÃÆ' lvar NÃÆ'ºÃÆ'  ± ez Cabeza de Vaca is to serve as the eyes and ears of the king, and is the second commander. He ensures that the Crown receives five percent of the wealth gained during the expedition. Other expedition members included Alonso de Sol as the royal mining inspector, Alonso EnrÃÆ'quez as overseer, an Aztec prince named "Don Pedro" by the Spanish, and a contingent of Franciscan priests and diocesan led by Padre Juan SuÃÆ'¡rez (sometimes spelled "XuÃÆ' ¡Rez "). Most of the 600 men of the expedition were soldiers, mainly from Spain and Portugal, including some mixed African descent, and about 22 from Italy.
Maps Narváez expedition
Expedition
On June 17, 1527, the expedition left Spain from the port of SanlÃÆ'ºcar de Barrameda at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River. The total force included about 450 soldiers, officers, and slaves. About 150 others were sailors, wives (married men could not travel without their wives to the Indies), and servants.
The first stop on the trip is the Canary Islands, about a week's trip and 850 miles to the Atlantic. There, the expedition supplied items such as water, wine, firewood, meat and fruit.
Hispaniola and Cuba
The explorers arrived in Santo Domingo (Hispaniola) around August 1527. During their stay, the troops began to be abandoned. Although it has always been a problem in such expeditions, the people may have also left for hearing about the return of a recent expedition led by Lucas VÃÆ'¡zquez de AyllÃÆ'³n, in which 450 out of 600 people were killed. Nearly 100 people abandoned the NarvÃÆ'¡ez expedition in the first month in Santo Domingo. Expeditions stopped here to buy horses, as well as two small boats to explore the coastline. Although NarvÃÆ'¡ez could only afford one small boat, he sailed once more.
The expedition arrived in Santiago de Cuba at the end of September. Since Cuba is the home of NarvÃÆ'¡ez and his family, he has many contacts through whom he can gather more supplies, horses, and men. After meeting his rich friend, Vasco Porcallo, NarvÃÆ'¡ez sent a portion of the fleet to Trinidad to collect horses and other equipment from his friend's land.
NarvÃÆ'¡ez placed Cabeza de Vaca and a captain named Pantoja who was responsible for two ships sent to Trinidad while he took four other ships to Guacanayabo Bay. On about October 30, two ships arrived in Trinidad to collect needed supplies and search for additional crew. The storm came shortly after they did it. During the storm, both vessels sank, 60 people died, a fifth of horses drowned, and all new supplies acquired in Trinidad were destroyed.
Recognizing the need to regroup, NarvÃÆ'¡ez sent four remaining ships to Cienfuegos under the command of Cabeza de Vaca. NarvÃÆ'¡ez lives on the beach to recruit men and buy more ships. After nearly four months, on February 20, 1528, he arrived in Cienfuegos with one of two new ships and several others. Another ship he sent to Havana. At this point, the expedition had about 400 men and 80 horses. The rest of winter leads to reduced supplies, and they plan to refill in Havana en route to the Florida coast.
Among those employed by NarvÃÆ'¡ez is a major pilot named Miruelo, who claims his extensive knowledge of the Gulf Coast. Historians have been arguing over the centuries of their complete identity and the extent of their knowledge. However, two days after leaving Cienfuegos, every ship in the flotilla ran aground over a herd of Canarreos off the coast of Cuba. They are trapped for two to three weeks, while people spend less on supplies. It was not until the second week of March, when the storm created a great ocean, they were able to escape from the shelves.
After fighting more storms, the expedition circled the western tip of Cuba and headed for Havana. Though they were close enough to see the mast on the harbor, the wind blew the fleet into the Gulf of Mexico without reaching Havana. NarvÃÆ'¡ez decided to continue the itinerary and colonization. They spent the next month trying to reach the Mexican coast but could not cope with the strong currents of the Gulf Stream.
Arrival in Florida
On April 12, 1528, the expedition saw the mainland to the north of what is now called Tampa Bay. They turned south and traveled for two days looking for what Miruelo called the pilot as a great harbor. During these two days, one of the five remaining ships was lost. Finally, after finding a shallow bay, NarvÃÆ'¡ez orders entry. They pass through Boca Ciega Bay just north of the entrance to Tampa Bay. They see buildings erected on mounds of land, encouraging signs of culture (and wealth), food, and water. Indigenous people have since been identified as members of the Port Safety Culture ( Tocobaga ). The Spaniards dropped anchor and prepared to go ashore. NarvÃÆ'¡ez landed with 300 people in Boca Ciega Bay in a place known as Prada Forest Site in St. Petersburg. Petersburg right now.
The financial controller Alonso EnrÃÆ'quez is one of the first beaches. Make your way to the original village nearby, he trades items such as glass beads, brass bells, and fabrics for fresh fish and venison. NarvÃÆ'¡ez ordered the entire company to demonstrate and set up a camp.
The next day, royal officials gathered by the beach and, with rituals, made an official declaration of NarvÃÆ'¡ez as governor of the La Florida government. He read (in Spanish) the Requerimiento , which states to every indigenous people listening to their land belonging to Charles V at the Pope's command. He also said that indigenous people had the option of converting to Christianity. If they repent, they will be loved and welcomed with open arms; if they choose not to, the war will be done against them. Expeditions ignored both requests and threats by indigenous people the next day.
After some explorations, NarvÃÆ'¡ez and several other officers found Old Tampa Bay. They returned to the camp and ordered Miruelo to drive the brigantine (brig) to find the great harbor he was talking about. If he does not succeed, he must return to Cuba. NarvÃÆ'¡ez never returns in touch with Miruelo or one of the brig's crew.
Meanwhile, NarvÃÆ'¡ez takes the other party in the interior, where they find another village. Villagers use Spanish delivery boxes as coffins. The Spaniards destroyed this and found little food and gold. Locals tell them that there are many in Apalachee in the north. After returning to their base camp, Spain made plans to head north. NarvÃÆ'¡ez_splits_forces "> NarvÃÆ'¡ez split the power
On May 1, 1528, NarvÃÆ'¡ez made the decision to divide the expedition into the land and sea contingents. He plans to have a 300-meter land troop to the north while the ship, with the remaining 100 people, sailed to shore to meet them. He believes his mouth to Tampa Bay is a short distance to the north, when in fact in the south. Cabeza de Vaca opposed this plan, but lost votes with the other officers. NarvÃÆ'¡ez wants Cabeza de Vaca to lead the marine forces, but he refuses. He then writes it is a matter of honor, because NarvÃÆ'¡ez implies he's a coward.
The men marched almost starved for two weeks before arriving in a village north of the Withlacoochee River. They enslave indigenous people and for three days help themselves to plant corn from their fields. They sent two explorers downstream on both sides of the river looking for signs of the ship, but found none. NarvÃÆ'¡ez ordered the party to proceed north to Apalachee.
Years later, Cabeza de Vaca knows what happened to the ships. Miruelo has returned to Old Tampa Bay in brigantine and found all the ships missing. He sailed to Havana to take the fifth vessel, which he had provided, and took it back to Tampa Bay. After heading north for some time without finding a party on land, the commander of three other ships decided to return to Tampa Bay. After meeting, the fleet again sought ground for almost a year before finally leaving for Mexico. Juan Ortiz, a member of the naval force, was arrested by Tocobaga. He was enslaved by them and lived in Uzita for nearly twelve years before being rescued by Hernando de Soto's expedition.
Attending Timucua
From scout reports, Timucua knows that the Spanish party is nearing their territory. They decided to meet the Europeans when they came on June 18th. Through hand signatures and hand movements, NarvÃÆ'¡ez communicates with their head, Dulchanchellin, that they are heading to Apalachee. Dulchanchellin seemed happy with this (apparently Apalachee was his enemies).
After the two leaders exchanged gifts, the expedition followed Timucua to their territory and crossed the Suwannee River. During the crossing, an officer named Juan Velázquez put him on his horse, and both drowned. He was the first non-shipwrecked shipwreck of the expedition, and people were troubled by his death. The starving soldier cooked and ate his horse that night.
When the Spaniards arrived in Timucua village on June 19, the chief sent them corn supplies. That night, the arrow was shot past one of the NarvÃÆ'¡ez men near the watering hole. The next morning, the Spaniards found the natives had left the village. They set off again to Apalachee. They soon realized that they were being accompanied by a hostile native. NarvÃÆ'¡ez laid a trap for the chaseing natives, and they captured three or four people, whom they used as guides. The Spaniards do not have any further contact with the Timucua.
Apalachee
On June 25, 1528, the expedition entered the Apalachee area. Finding a community of forty houses, they thought it was the capital, but it was a small, remote village of a much larger culture. Spain attacked, took several hostages including the village of cacique, and occupied the village. Although the villagers do not have the gold and wealth estimated by NarvÃÆ'¡ez, they have a lot of corn.
As soon as NarvÃÆ'¡ez took the village, Apalachee warriors began to attack the Europeans. Their first attack was a force of 200 soldiers, who used arrows to burn to burn the houses occupied by Europe. The soldiers quickly dispersed, losing only one person. The next day the second army of 200 soldiers, equipped with a large bow, strikes from the opposite side of the village. This style is also rapidly spreading and losing just one person.
After this direct attack, Apalachee turned into a fast attack after Spain started doing trekking again. They can fire their bows five or six times while the Spaniards fill an arrow or harquebus bow, then disappear into the forest. They harassed Spain with guerrilla tactics continuously over the next three weeks. During this time, NarvÃÆ'¡ez sent three scouting missions to search for larger or richer cities. All three returned without good news. Frustrated by misfortune and failing health, NarvÃÆ'¡ez ordered the expedition to head south. The Apalachee and Timucua prisoners told him that the Aute people had plenty of food, and their village was by the sea. Entourage must cross the big swamp to reach the place.
During the first two days out of the village, the Spaniards were not attacked, but as soon as they climbed into their chests in the water in the swamp, Apalachee attacked them with an arrow shower. Barely powerless, the Spaniards can not use their horses or quickly refill their heavy weapons, and they find their armor burdening them with water. After regaining the solid ground, they drive out the attackers. Over the next two weeks, they make their difficult path through the swamp, sometimes attacked by Apalachee.
When Spain finally reached Aute, they found the village empty and burned. They harvest corn, beans, and pumpkins from the garden to feed their party, many of them hungry, injured and sick. After two days, NarvÃÆ'¡ez sent Cabeza de Vaca to seek an opening to the sea. He did not find the sea, but after half a day of marching along the Wakulla River and the River St. Marks, he found a shallow salt containing an oyster bed. Two more days scouting did not produce better results, and people returned to tell NarvÃÆ'¡ez news.
NarvÃÆ'¡ez decided to go to the oyster bed to eat. With many horses carrying sick and wounded people, the Spaniards realized they were struggling to survive. Some people consider cannibalism to survive. During the parade, several caballeros talked about stealing their horses and leaving others behind. Although NarvÃÆ'¡ez was too ill to act, Cabeza de Vaca knew of the plan and convinced them to stay.
After several days of being trapped near shallow waters, a man came up with a plan: he suggested to repair their armaments and armor to make equipment and to build new ships to sail to Mexico. The party agreed and started action on 4 August 1528.
They built a hammer from the log and used deer skin to bellow. They chop down trees and make charcoal for forging. Then they make hammer, saws, axes, and nails from their iron teeth. Caulking is made from pitch pitch, and palmetto leaves are used as oakum. They sew the shirt together for the screen. Sometimes they invade the village of Aute, from which they stole 640 corners to defend themselves during development. Twice, in the camp's view, â € <â € The men killed their horses for food and material when they were building a boat - one horse every three days. They use horse fur for strings and leather straps for water storage pockets. Because horses are highly regarded by the Spaniards, especially the nobles, they name the bay, now known as Apalachee Bay, "Bahia de los Caballos" to honor the sacrifices of animals. On September 20, they have finished building five boats. They sailed on September 22, 1528. After being ravaged by disease, famine, and attacks by various people they wanted to conquer, 242 people survived. About 50 people were taken by each ship, which was thirty to forty feet long and had shallow drafts, screens, and oars. South Texas
After following the Gulf Coast, the boats drove west, but the frequent storms, thirst and hunger reduced the expedition to about 80 survivors before the storm threw Cabeza de Vaca and the remaining people on the west coast of the barrier island. Historians believe they landed in Galveston, Texas today. However, other historians have pointed out that there are several inconsistencies between the description of Cabeza de Vaca about the island and Galveston Island. As a result, many historians believe that most likely Cabeza de Vaca and his friends actually landed in what is now Follet Island. For the next four years, Cabeza de Vaca and a growing number of his companions lived in the complex native world of South Texas.
Southwest North America
In 1532, only four members of the original expedition survived: Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, AndrÃÆ' s Dorantes de Carranza, ÃÆ' lvar NÃÆ'ºÃÆ'  ± ez Cabeza de Vaca, and Estevanico, the enslaved Moor. They headed west and gradually south hoping to reach the Spanish Imperial post in Mexico, becoming the first Europeans and Africans to enter the Southwest of North America (currently the Southwest of the United States and Northwest Mexico). Their exact route is unpredictable to historians, but they seem to travel across Texas today, perhaps to New Mexico and Arizona, and through the northern provinces of Mexico near the Pacific Coast before turning to the mainland.
In July 1536, near the present CuliacÃÆ'¡n in Sinaloa, survivors met with fellow Spaniards on a slave expedition for New Spain. As Cabeza de Vaca wrote later, his compatriots were "astonished at seeing me, dressed in strange and in an Indian company, they just stood looking for a long time." Spaniards accompany survivors to Mexico City. Estevanico later became the guide for other expeditions. Cabeza de Vaca returned to Spain, where he wrote a full report, mainly describing the many indigenous peoples they encountered. He then served the colonial government in South America.
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Source of the article : Wikipedia
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