Protected Objects-Mine Protected ( MRAP ; EM - rap ) is a term for US military vehicles manufactured as part of a MRAP program specially designed to withstand the attacks of improvised explosives (IEDs) and ambushes. The US Department of Defense MRAP program began in 2007 in response to an increase in IED threats during the Iraq War. From 2007 to 2012, the MRAP program mobilized more than 12,000 vehicles in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan. MRAP vehicles have been used by the United States and other military.
The production of MRAP vehicles officially ends in 2012. This is followed by MRAP All Terrain (M-ATV) vehicles. In 2015, Oshkosh Corporation was awarded a contract to build Oshkosh L-ATV as a Joint Light Tactical Vehicle, a lighter mine-resistant vehicle to replace Humvee in combat roles and equip M-ATV.
Video MRAP
History
Lightweight armored vehicles specifically designed to resist landmines were first introduced in special vehicles in the 1970s by the Rhodesia Army, and further developed by South African manufacturers, starting in 1974 with Hippo armored personnel carriers (APC). The Casspir infantry mobility vehicle was developed for the South African Defense Forces after 1980; this is the inspiration for the American MRAP program and the basis for several vehicle programs.
In 2004, Cougar TSG/FPI was designed by a British-led United States team, for the requirements of the US Marine Corps. This is a stepping stone from which the MRAP program is launched. Since there are only two steel mills in the US, the Russian-owned Oregon Steel Mills and the International Steel Group (now part of the Indian firm ArcelorMittal), are eligible to produce armored steel for the US Department of Defense, negotiated to ensure enough steel is available to offset production.
MRAP program
The US Military MRAP program was driven by US deaths in the Iraq War.
A number of vehicle designs from various vendors are deployed as part of the MRAP program. MRAP vehicles typically have a V-shaped hull to deflect explosive power from land mines or IEDs under vehicles, thus protecting vehicles and passengers. MRAP weighs 14 to 18 tons, 9 feet high, and costs between US $ 500,000 and US $ 1,000,000.
The following companies submit designs:
- Armor Holdings (acquired by BAE Systems on July 31, 2007)
- BAE Systems
- Force Protection Inc (FPI)
- General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS)
- Multipurpose Vehicle (GPV)
- Navistar International Military Group (IMG)
- Oshkosh Truck
- Protected Vehicles Incorporated (PVI)
- Textron Sea and Land System
There are plans to integrate the weapons station Crows II, the anti-EFP Frag Kit, and the Boomerang anti-shooter system on many MRAPs in combat.
Maps MRAP
Vehicle category
The MRAP class is divided into three categories by weight and size.
Category I (MRAP-MRUV)
Mine-Hold Utility Vehicles (MRUV) are smaller and lighter, designed for urban operations. Category 1 MRAP vehicle booked or in service:
- BAE Caiman 4x4 - 2,800 booked.
- BAE OMC RG-31
- BAE RG-33 4x4
- Cougar HÃ Force Protection 4x4 - 1,560 vehicles booked.
- International MaxxPro - 5,250 vehicles booked.
- Textron M1117 Guardian - Removed from the competition. On May 18, 2007, Textron was notified by USMC that they will not receive any additional orders as part of the MRAP program.
- Protected Vehicles Inc./Oshkosh Truck Alpha - Although 100 vehicles were originally booked, Oshkosh was told by the Marine Corps on June 29, 2007 that it will not receive further orders for PVI Alpha due to "concerns about overall vehicle safety" and the shortage other basic designs that are automotive and ergonomic, adding that the remediation "will require significant redesign".
Category II (MRAP-JERRV)
The Joint Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Rapid Response Vehicle (JERRV) is designed for missions including lead convoys, troop transport, ambulances, explosive ordnance disposal and combat techniques.
Category II MRAP vehicle booked or currently in service:
- Cougar HE 6X6 - 950 vehicle protection booked.
- BAE RG-33L 6x6
- GDLS RG-31E - 600 vehicles ordered.
- Golan's Vehicle Protected - 60 vehicles originally ordered; Later, when the Golan was knocked out of the competition, all vehicles were dumped by the Marines.
- International MaxxPro XL - 16 vehicles ordered.
- BAE Caiman 6x6 - 16 vehicles ordered.
Category III
- MRV Buffalo Force Protection for mine and IED functionality, with 6 seats.
Vehicle production
In 2004, the United States Marine Corps reported that no troops were killed in more than 300 IED attacks on Cougar vehicles. In 2007, Defense Secretary Robert Gates decided to increase MRAP vehicle orders. On May 8, 2007, Gates announced that the acquisition of MRAP was the Department of Defense's highest priority for fiscal 2007; $ 1.1 billion is allocated to MRAP. A 2008 GAO report found that Marines combat planners have delayed "urgent demand in 2005 for 1,169 MRAPs", mainly because future Commander-General Michael Hagee wants to retain funding for up-armoring Humvee, believing that they are the fastest way to protect Marines from threats roadside bombs.
In late 2007, the Marine Corps planned to replace all Humvees in the combat zone with MRAP vehicles, even though that changed. Because armored vehicles are considered an "urgent need" in Afghanistan, the MRAP program is primarily funded under the "emergency war budget". The US spent $ 50 billion in 2007 to generate 27,000 MRAP.
Initially, Brig. General Michael Brogan is responsible for the MRAP Marine program; he was replaced by Brig. General Frank Kelley, Commander, Command of the United States Marine Corps System. The Army MRAP program is managed by Kevin Fahey, Executive Officer of the US Army Program for Combat Support & amp; Combat Service Support.
2007
In 2007, the Pentagon ordered about 10,000 MRAPs at a cost of more than $ 500,000 each, and plans to order more MRAP.
Partial list of orders from January-July 2007 under the MRAP program:
- On 30 January 2007, FPI received orders for two CougarÃ, H and two Cougarà vehicles, HE for testing and evaluation by USMC for the MRAP program.
- On 14 February 2007, the Marine Corps System Command placed a $ 67.4 million shipping order for 65 CougarÃ, H and 60 Category II CougarÃ, HE, and $ 55.4m shipping orders of 15 Categories I BAE RG- 33 vehicles, and 75 category II BAE RG-33L vehicles, built in York, Pennsylvania.
- On April 24, 2007, the Marine Corps Systems Command placed $ 481.4 million in orders with Power Protection for 300 CougarÃ,® Vehicle Categories and 700 Cougarà Kend CougarÃ, Vehicles, HE.
- On May 31, 2007, the Marine Corps System Command ordered 1200 International Categories I MaxxPros at a cost of $ 623 million.
- On June 1, 2007, FPI received orders for 14 Buffalo III category vehicles from the Marine Corps System Command. The contract is worth approximately $ 11.9 million and is scheduled for completion in spring 2008.
- On June 19, 2007, the Navy placed orders on behalf of the Marine Corps and the Army for 395 Category I, 60 Category II Force Protection Cougars at a cost of $ 221 million, and for 16 International Category II MaxxPro XLs for the sum of $ 8 million.
- On June 28, 2007, BAE Systems received a $ 235.8 million order for 16 RG-33 Category I patrol vehicles, 239 RG-33L Category II vehicles, 170 RG-33 Categories I variants for the United States The Special Operations Command, out of a total ration totaling 333 of their vehicles, and 16 variants of RG-33L Am Ambulance category, which is the first vehicle in a competition specifically listed for ambulance roles.
- On July 13, 2007, Stewart & amp; Stevenson (Armor Holdings) received orders for 1,154 Category I and 16 Category II MRAP vehicles from the Marine Corps System Command. Vehicles for delivery in February 2008 and orders worth $ 518.5 million.
- On July 20, 2007, IMG received additional orders for 755 I MaxxPro MRAP vehicles.
- On August 6, 2007, General Dynamics Land Systems Canada received orders for 600 MRAP Category II RG-31 vehicles. The contract is worth $ 338.7 million. Manufacturing is performed by Demmer Corporation of Lansing, Michigan, in addition to BAE OMC from Benoni, South Africa. Delivery completed in March 2008.
- On August 10, 2007, the Marine Corps System Command placed a $ 69.8m order with Power Protection for 25 Cougar H Category 1 Vehicles and 100 Cougarà © Category Vehicles, HE.
- On October 18, 2007, the Pentagon placed additional orders for one thousand Category I vehicles from IMG ($ 509 million), 533 Category I and 247 Category II vehicles from the Protection Force ($ 377 million), and 399 Standard II categories, 112 ambulance configured Category II RG-33L vehicles (valued at $ 278 million) from BAE Systems. BAE also received a separate $ 44 million order for 89 RG33 Modes 5 (Category I) of vehicles, for the U.S. Special Operations Command GDLS and Armor Holdings are informed that they will not receive further orders in the MRAP program.
- On December 18, 2007, the US military ordered 1,500 Category I MaxxPros ($ 1.12 billion) from Navistar, 600 Category II vehicles ($ 645 million) from BAE, 668 vehicles category II ($ 458 million) from Armor Holdings (though BAE), and 178 Category I and 180 Category II Cougars ($ 378 million) from Protection Force.
2008
On March 14, 2008, the US military ordered 1,024 categories of Caiman II from BAE (valued at $ 481.8 million), 743 categories I MaxxPros from Navistar ($ 410.7 million), and special command and ambulance vehicles from BAE ($ 234) Million).2009
Oshkosh Corp., Oshkosh, Wisconsin, was awarded a $ 1,064.46 million company fixed shipping order under the previous fixed-price contract W56HZV-09-D-0111 to exercise the option for 1,700 All-Field MRAP Vehicles. The same Army contract for 1,700 quality MRAP Vehicles worth over $ 1,063.7 million. In 2009, the US Department of Defense has spent $ 20 billion on the MRAP program. The total expenditure of the MRAP program with final delivery is expected to be $ 48.5 billion (FY10-11).
Criticism
The MRAP program has been criticized for its high cost of nearly $ 50 billion, potential logistical difficulties due to high fuel consumption and diverse designs, greater disconnection between troops and local residents due to the large size of MRAP and its threatening appearance against the current. counter-insurgency strategy (COIN), and unclear disposal. In 2007, it was not known what the US military would do with MRAP following its withdrawal from Iraq, as they were expensive to transport and operate. MRAP funding has attracted money from other tactical vehicle programs, most felt the Humvee replacement, the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle, which has been delayed for two years.
According to the Army Times, troops openly wonder about the design of some MRAP versions. For example, why the rear seats are facing inward instead of out, which will allow them to fire their weapons through ports, which some versions lack even. The elevation and steepness of the dropdown ladder behind some versions can make out dangerous vehicles. Horseracing forces in the back can crash into their heads on the ceiling while bouncing off rough terrain.
Previous reports have stated that MRAP has been well received, with US forces declaring that they would rather be beaten by IEDs in MRAP than in Humvees.
Rollovers and electric shock
A report dated June 13, 2008 by the 'Marine Corps Center for Valuable Lessons' indicates concerns about MRAP vehicles being rolled over in combat zones. The V-shaped hull of MRAP gives it a higher center of gravity and weight of MRAP can cause poorly built or maintained roads in rural Iraq or Afghanistan to collapse. Of the 66 MRAP accidents between 7 November 2007 and 8 June 2008, nearly 40 due to rollover caused by damaged roads, weak bridges, or driver fault. In many rollovers, troops were wounded, and in two separate incidents, five soldiers were killed by rolling over the canal and trapped underwater. The report says 75% of all rollovers occur in rural areas often where roads are above grade with adjacent or adjacent channels. The report raises concerns associated with MRAP vehicles caught in low-hanging power lines in Iraq or an antenna that is getting closer to creating an electric arc, which could cause passenger electricity. The person in the hatch is at the highest risk.
Effectiveness
MRAP may be ineffective against explicitly Explicit Penetrators (EFPs), which use explosives to push high-speed special-shaped metal plates while simultaneously destroying them into armor-penetrating projectiles. The use of EFP in the Iraq war increased more than doubled in 2006, and in 2007 is expected to continue to rise. In 2007, 11 percent of all roadside bomb victims were caused by EFP. In 2007, the Marines estimated that the use of MRAP could reduce casualties in Iraq due to IED attacks by as much as 80 percent. MRAP weakness is discussed by MRAP II next generation. As a temporary solution, the military installed a Humvee IED variant that defeated the Frag Kit 6 armor, which added significant weight, as well as width to the already large and heavy vehicle. In July 2008, the US military reported the number of EFP attacks had dropped by 70 percent.
On January 19, 2008, an Infantry soldier of the 3rd Infantry Division that operates as an affected turret shooter, was killed in the MRAP Navistar MaxxPro vehicle by ANFO IED which is estimated at £ 600. It is unknown whether the shooter was killed by an explosion or by a vehicle when rolled over after the explosion. The v-hull vehicle is not disturbed. The crew compartment also appears uncompromising, and the other three crew members inside the vehicle survived; one with a broken left foot, a broken nose and multiple broken teeth; one with a cracked foot; and the third is physically unharmed.
Although this was reported as the death of the first MRAP war, reports later stated that three soldiers had been killed by IEDs at RG-31 and two by EFP in Buffalos before this incident. On May 6, 2008, eight soldiers have been reported killed in thousands of MRAPs in Iraq, according to news agency Knight Ridder. In June 2008, USA Today reported that roadside bomb attacks and casualties declined by almost 90% in part due to MRAP. "They have taken a hit, many, many hits that will kill soldiers and Marines in unarmed Humvees", according to Adm. Michael Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Major General Rick Lynch, who heads a division in Baghdad, told USA Today MRAP 14 tons had forced the rebels to build larger and more sophisticated bombs to cripple the vehicle. The bombs need more time and resources to build and organize, which gives the US a better chance to catch the rebels in action and stop them. According to Marinetimes.com, the Taliban also focused their efforts away from the anti-material IED and more towards smaller anti-personnel bombs targeting soldiers on patrol. In 2014, the United States recognizes that the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant operate sophisticated armored operators captured in Iraq.
The MRAP program is similar to the US Army Medium Mining Mine Action program.
Logistics
The lack of a general MRAP program design presents potential wartime logistical challenges, but others see MRAP vehicle diversity as a boon. The weight and size of the vehicle severely limits its mobility from the main road, in urban areas, and over bridges, as 72 percent of the world's bridges can not withstand MRAP. The price limits transportation with C-130 cargo planes or amphibious ships. Three MRAP vehicles (or five Oshkosh M-ATVs) entered the C-17 aircraft, and the plane was flying expensive, with $ 150,000 per vehicle, according to estimates by the US Transportation Command. The US Air Force contracted several heavy cargo aircraft Antonov An-124, which became a common sight over cities like Charleston, South Carolina where several MRAPs were produced. For comparison, shipping costs about $ 13,000 per vehicle, but it takes 3-4 weeks for the vehicle to arrive at the theater. In December 2007, the Marine Corps reduced its demand from 3,700 vehicles to 2,300. and the Army also reviewed the MRAP requirements in Iraq. In January 2010, 400 people were flown to Afghanistan, increasing to 500 per month in February, but the 1,000 monthly target has been lowered, due to difficulties in the distribution and training of drivers.
Variant
MRAP II
On July 31, 2007, the Marine Corps System Command launched the initial MRAP II request, to develop new vehicles that offer a higher level of protection than current MRAP vehicles, particularly from threats such as explosive penetrators. While Frag Kit 6 is designed to meet EFP threats, the objective of the MRAP II competition is to find vehicles that do not require an upgrade kit. The US Army Research Laboratory is working to ensure the technology used in Frag Kit 6 will be available for MRAP II designers. 2007 requests are required to provide the Joint Program Management Office with greater flexibility.
Initial tests at Aberdeen Proving Grounds disqualify non-compliant vehicles. Rejected competitors include Force Dynamics (reinforced Cougar), GDLS Canada (upgraded BAE OMC RG-31), a subsidiary of Navistar IMG (upgrade MaxxPro), improved Textron M1117, and Protected Vehicle, enhanced Golan vehicle, with improved side doors and different steel. Blackwater, USA (APC Grizzly with Ares EXO Scale appliquÃÆ' Ã… © armor) was then disqualified because of the limited amount of armor in the frontal area of ​​the vehicle.
The two eligible designs are the Caiman upgrade, originally designed by Armor Holdings which was later acquired by BAE Systems, and Bull, a combined effort between Ideal Innovations Inc., Ceradyne and Oshkosh. Both of these designs weigh 40,000 pounds or more.
According to the Army Times in August 2007, the Pentagon has decided to buy MRAPÃ, I first generation 14 to 24 tons with additional Frag Kità armor, 6-derived instead of MRAP 30 tons. Vehicle II, when placing final MRAP order at the end of summer, after field commander report. The paper also reports that, in addition, the Pentagon may buy some shorter and lighter MRAPs in their final batch. A senior Pentagon official told them that "the roads succumbed" under the weight of MRAP and "We want to reduce their weight now."
Joint Light Tactical Vehicle
Vehicles built as part of the MRAP program are often criticized for the vast majority of them, which limit their ability to maneuver. Joint Light Tactical Vehicle is designed to provide the same protection as MRAP vehicles with lower weight and greater maneuverability.
By 2015, Oshkosh was awarded a contract to produce up to 49,100 vehicles for the US Army and Marine Corps based on a successful MRAP All-terrain vehicle design.
Postwar app
With the end of the Iraq War and the withdrawal of the War in Afghanistan, there are some questions about what to do with MRAP, as they are designed specifically for asymmetric warfare. The Army decided they would defend them in some sort of postwar service. Of the approximately 20,000 MRAPs in operation, 30 per cent (6,000) will remain on the brigade combat team as transporters and transport vehicles, 10 per cent (2,000) will be used for training, and 60 per cent (12,000) will go into the warehouse. MRAPs will be replaced by the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle upon entering service in 2016. It can still be used until 2022, when JLTV is used in sufficient quantities.
On October 1, 2012, the Pentagon officially closed the MRAP production line. On that date, 27,740 MRAP vehicles of all types have slid from the assembly line of seven manufacturers, and 12,726 vehicles remain in the Afghan operating theater, about 870 sold to foreign military, with 700 foreign orders.
In early July 2012, five MRAP vehicles were delivered to the 2nd Infantry Division on the Korean Peninsula. The 2ID tested over 50 vehicles to see how they would be used by US forces in the region and if their ability was right for Koreans to protect against mines buried along the Demilitarized Zone of Korea. In addition to forced protection, MRAP provides a platform for "mission-on-the-move commands" to provide command communications and command-and-control capabilities while moving across the battlefield. Most, if not most, of the MRAPs sent in Korea are deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan and restored in the US. The previous combat experience will determine the best way of using vehicles in South Korea. Integration into the 2ID formation takes less than a year, positioning on the frontline the following year. US military officials said MRAP was brought in to determine whether they would improve their ability "to maintain peace and prevent aggression on the Korean peninsula." North Korean military officials claimed they would be used to safely cross the DMZ to launch an all-out attack on the North, and said the deployment of such military hardware disrupts the region's peace and stability. However, in August 2013, 2ID decided not to use more than 80 MRAP on the peninsula. They decided that the vehicle was "unsuitable for use by battalion maneuvers" and that there were no plans to add MRAP to their fleet in the future. Vehicles are returned to the Army fleet management system for use in more suitable areas.
The US government wants to sell about 2,000 of its 11,000 MRAPs in Afghanistan. The logistical and financial duty to bring all vehicles back to the US, or destroy some domestically, is too big and foreign buyers are required to pick it up. Several countries reportedly showed interest, but nobody signed the agreement. The cost of buying them includes their delivery from Afghanistan alone. If MRAP can not be sold to allies, US forces must be forced to destroy vehicles before they leave the country. The number of MRAPs has been ruled out as "excess" from US military needs and will cost $ 50,000 per vehicle to send them abroad, and they will not be given to the Afghan National Security Forces because they can either keep them or operate their electronic systems. The cost to destroy it is $ 10,000 per vehicle.
In September 2014, the US approved a $ 2.5 billion deal with the United Arab Emirates Army for more than 4,500 US MRAP surpluses to improve troop protection, conduct humanitarian relief operations, and protect important international commercial trade routes and critical infrastructure. 1,150 vehicles are Caimans.
The Defense Ministry is expected to send 250 MRAPs to Iraq to strengthen Iraqi National Security Forces against Islamic State militants. The Iraqi army was equipped with MRAP after the US withdrawal in 2011, but many were captured by ISIL during the northern attack in June 2014, and subsequently destroyed later by American air strikes. The vehicles are likely to be transferred, rather than sold, as excessive defense articles and extracted from US inventories of 1,500 MRAPs stored in Kuwait. Of the 250 vehicles, 225 will be sent to the Iraqi Security Forces, while 25 will be given to the Peshmerga Kurdish troops.
Post-war reduction
In September 2013, the US Marine Corps has 3,700-3,800 MRAP vehicles and plans to reduce their inventory to 1,200-1,300 due to budget absorption cuts, but then increase that number to 2,500 vehicles by May 2014.
In 2013, the US government plans to save about 5,600 from 8700 M-ATVs, with about 250 vehicles for the U.S. Special Operations Command From 2007 to 2011, the Army bought about 9,000 Navxs MaxxPro vehicles and plans to save only about 3,000.
Following the withdrawal from Afghanistan by the end of 2014, the US Army will reduce its total MRAP fleet to 8,000 vehicles. The Army plans to release 7,456 vehicles and retain 8,585. Of the total number of vehicles that the Army needs to keep, 5,036 have to be stored, 1,073 are used for training and the rest are scattered throughout the active force. M-ATVs will be stored at most of the 5,681 vehicles, as they are smaller and lighter than other MRAPs for off-road mobility. Other vehicles most retained are the MaxxPro Dash with 2,633 vehicles and 301 Maxxpro ambulances; Other MRAPs such as Cougar, Caiman, and MaxxPros larger will be discarded. They predict by 2014 "will need to spend an additional $ 1.7 billion in wartime over the next few years to modernize and maintain 8,585 mine-resistant, confiscated vehicles, while divesting itself out of the other 7,456 MRAPs that are no longer needed."
On May 12, 2016 the first shipment of MRAP vehicles from the United States arrived at the Alexandrian port for delivery to the Egyptian military. Delivery is the first batch of a total of 762 MRAP vehicles transferred to Egypt by the US. This new capability will be used to combat terrorism and enhance stability in the region. This equipment is provided under the US Department of Defense Defense Program grant program grant.
AS. use of law enforcement
Rapid Response Team The US Department of Homeland Security uses MRAP to help people affected by hurricanes by 2012, and to pull government vehicles that are destroyed into the streets so they can be towed. The Federal Bureau of Investigation uses MRAP type vehicles in child abduction cases in Midland, Alabama by 2013.
The Department of Defense, the Defense Logistics Agency, is charged with issuing 13,000 MRAPs to 780 domestic law enforcement agencies on a waiting list for vehicles. DLA does not transfer the property to an agent, so the vehicles are allocated to agents with fees taken by them or the state, while the vehicle remains the property of the Department of Defense. In order to receive armored vehicles, the requesting agent must meet certain criteria, including justification for use (such as for shooting incidents, SWAT operations and drug bans), geographic area and multi-jurisdictional use, ability to pay for repairs and maintenance, and security and access limited to vehicles. Police departments and other agencies in the US may obtain MRAP vehicles through the DLA 1033 program, which redistributes military equipment that is no longer required to state and municipal agencies. Some police departments have taken MRAP surplus without any transfer or fee. Domestic agencies plan to use them in disaster relief roles, as they can go through flooded areas like regular police armored vehicles, and provide security in response to terrorist threats. Some MRAPs used by police forces often have machine guns removed and painted black.
In 2014, it was reported that the Los Angeles Unified School District and San Diego Unified School District acquired MRAP for the school police. Organizations have become critical about the use of military police vehicles and are concerned about police militarization. The proponents of domestic acquisitions argue they fill the same role as a standard Lenco BearCat police armored vehicle. Supporters, such as Sgt. And Downing of the Morgan County Sheriff's Department, said unique mine-resistant capability is important because veterans who abandon the military may have learned about making IEDs.
The American Civil Liberties Union has concerns about the militarization of American police and that military hardware can improve the situation of violence. Many vehicles have been acquired by rural police with some officers or crimes. The police rejected the idea of ​​militarization and maintained that MRAP would be an addition to their inventory to be prepared for any situation, with the primary aim of protecting residents. About 150 other surplus vehicles, including Humvees, were acquired by the police department in New York for situations where MRAP can also be used. More MRAP has been requested for domestic use. Although the vehicle is free, the shortage is heavy (as much as 18 tons), low fuel efficiency and costly repairs with a closed turret, new seating, loudspeakers, and emergency lights can cost around $ 70,000.
NASA use
NASA has acquired several MRAPs for use in the Orion spacecraft's emergency evacuation on the launch pad.
See also
- ATF Dingo
- AMZ Dzik
- AMZ Tour
- BMC - Kirpi
- Cheetah MMPV
- Hunter TR-12
- Lazar 2
- Leopard security vehicle
- Marauder
- Rich Otokar
- Unibuffel
- Typhoon AFV Russia
- Ural Typhoon
- Kamaz Typhoon
- IDF Caterpillar D9
References
External links
- Associated Press article on MRAP in Iraq (May 9, 2008)
- "articles of the United States Marine Corps". Archived from the original in 2006-02-28. < span>
- Global Security
- Heavy classes take ballistics
- Billions Needed for New Armored Trucks
- Hold Blast vs Armored
- MRAP - in Defense Update.com
- International Truck/Plasan Sasa MRAP
- The Pentagon has strongly rejected requests from field officers for safer vehicles (USA Today 7-16-07)
- The troops received their first MaxxPro MRAP in Iraq (video)
- Learn Error Mistakes on Armored Armored Trucks for Iraq
- Video from MRAP vehicle rolled over in Iraq. The road led the way up the hill.
- Austrian Armored MRAP Design.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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