Breastfeeding difficulties refers to problems arising from breastfeeding, feeding a baby or a child with breast milk from a woman's breast. Although babies have sucking reflexes that allow them to suck and swallow milk, and although breast milk is usually the best food source for human babies, there are circumstances where breastfeeding can be a problem, or even, in rare cases, contraindicated.
Difficulties can arise both in relation to the actions of breastfeeding and with the health of breastfed babies.
Video Breastfeeding difficulties
Breastfeeding problems
While breastfeeding difficulties are not uncommon, putting the baby to the breast as soon as possible after birth helps to avoid many problems. The American Academy of Pediatrics policy on breastfeeding says, "delaying weighing, measuring, bathing, needle-stick, and eye prophylaxis until after the first feeding is complete." Many breastfeeding difficulties can be overcome with appropriate hospital procedures, trained nurses and hospital staff, speech pathologists and lactation consultants. Another source of information is a volunteer-based breastfeeding promotion organization, La Leche League.
Various factors and conditions may interfere with the success of breastfeeding:
- Feeding formula
- Sprue
- Interruptions or interruptions during feed
- Farewell from mother
- Tachypnea (rapid breathing) as in transient tachypnea in newborns, surfactant deficiency, respiratory distress syndrome or other infant's medical condition
- The presence of a physical barrier between mother and baby
- Difficulty swallowing such as with prematurity and coordination of sucking, swallowing and breathing, or gastro-intestinal tract abnormalities such as tracheo-esophagus fistulas.
- Pain resulting from surgical procedures such as circumcision, blood tests, or vaccinations.
- Difficulty sticking to the breast
- Bad sucking reflex
- Hypoplastic breasts/inadequate glandular tissue
- Galaktorea
- Lactation failure
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Diabetes
- Severe maternal stressors
- Not enough rest/mother support during the first 6 weeks postpartum
- Early work back due to lack of financial support/maternity leave
- Cleft palate
- Ankyloglossia (tongue tie)
- Hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia
- Hypotonia, or "low tone" baby disorder
- Hyperlactation syndrome
- Overactive removal
- Premature babies may have trouble coordinating their breathing reflex by breathing. They can also get tired during the meal. Premature babies who can not take enough calories through the mouth may need to include food or gavage - inserting a food tube into the stomach to provide adequate milk or replacement. This is often done along with Kangaroo treatments (prolonged skin-to-skin contact with the mother) that makes breastfeeding easier. For some breastfeeding difficulties, as can occur with cleft lip/palate, babies may be fed with the Haberman Feeder.
- Dysterroric ejection fluid (D-MER) is a newly recognizable condition that affects lactating women characterized by sudden dysphia, or negative emotions that occur just before the release of breast milk and continues in no more than a few minutes. Initial testing tells us that D-MER can be treated and preliminary research tells us that inappropriate dopamine activity at the time of the milk expenditure reflex is the cause of D-MER.
Low milk supply
- Primary lactation failure: occurs when the mother has a condition that is inconsistent with complete breast milk production, such as breast hypoplasia, breast reduction surgery, or bilateral mastectomy.
- Secondary lactation failure: low milk production due to preventable factors, such as formula supplementation, poor milk removal by infants, or non-reduced breast engorgement.
Breast pain
Pain often interferes with the success of breastfeeding. This is touted as the second most common cause for exclusive breast milk abandonment after receiving low milk supply.
Inverted nipple
Putting the upside or shortening sometimes makes attachment to the breast difficult. These mothers need additional support to feed their babies. Treatment begins after the birth of the baby. Putting it manually stretched several times a day. A plastic pump or syringe is used to pull the nipple and the baby is then inserted into the breast.
Engorgement
Breast swelling is a feeling of breast fullness experienced by most women within 36 hours after delivery. Usually, this is a painless "heavy" sensation. Breastfeeding on demand is the main way to prevent painful swelling.
When the breast becomes full of milk, it becomes painful. The swelling comes from not getting enough milk from the breast. It occurs about 3 to 7 days after delivery and is more common in first-time mothers. Increased blood supply, milk accumulation and swelling all contribute to painful swelling. Swelling can affect the areola, the periphery of the breast or the entire breast, and may interfere with both breastfeeding from pain and also from the distortion of the normal form of areola/nipple. This makes the baby more difficult to stick properly to feed. Sticking may occur only part of the areola. This can irritate more nipples, and can lead to ineffective drainage of milk and more pain. Swelling can begin as a result of factors such as nipple pain, improper feeding techniques, frequent feeding or separation of the babies.
To prevent or treat swelling, remove milk from the breast, by feeding, expressing or pumping. Gentle massage can help initiate the flow of milk, thus reducing the pressure. The reduced pressure softens the areola, possibly even allowing the baby to feed. Warm water or warm compresses and milk expression before breastfeeding can also help make breastfeeding more effective. Some researchers suggest that after breast-feeding, the mother should pump and/or apply cold compresses to reduce the growing pain and vascularization. One published study suggested the use of "cold cabbage leaves" applied to the breast. Attempts to reproduce this technique met with mixed results. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or paracetamol (acetominophen) can relieve pain.
Nipple pain
Nipple pain (sore nipples, or thelalgia) is probably the most common complaint after birth. They are generally reported on the second day after delivery but improved within 5 days. Pain beyond the first week, severe pain, cracks, cracks or localized swelling is not normal. Mother should see a doctor for further evaluation. Nipple Pain, a common cause of pain, often comes from infants who are not attached properly. Factors include too much nipple pressure when insufficient areola is attached and an improper sucking release at the end of feeding. Use of a breast pump or inappropriate topical treatment may also contribute. Nipple pain can also be a sign of infection. When the baby bites the nipple it can also be painful.
Candidiasis
Symptoms of candidiasis in the breast include pain, itching, burning and redness, or glossy or white spots. The baby can have a white tongue that does not wipe clean. Candidiasis is common and may be associated with canker sores.
Both mother and baby should be treated to rule out this infection. First-line therapy includes nystatin, ketaconazole or miconazole applied to the nipple and given by mouth to the baby. Tight cleaning of clothing and breast pumps is also needed to eradicate the infection.
Another non-prescription treatment of candidia is gentian violet. This usually works, and the help is fast. It's a mess, and it will stain the clothes. Baby's lips will turn purple, but purple will disappear after a few days.
Milk Stasis
Milk stasis is when milk ducts are blocked and can not flow properly. This may affect only part of the breast and is not associated with any infection. May be treated by varying the position of infant feeding and applying heat before breastfeeding. If that happens more than once, further evaluation is needed.
Mastitis
Mastitis is inflammation of the breast. It causes localized pain ( color ), redness ( rubor ), swelling ( tumor ), and warmth ( calories ). The next stage of mastitis leads to symptoms of systemic infections such as fever and nausea. This mostly occurs 2-3 weeks after delivery but can occur at any time. Usually the result of breast milk stasis with primary or secondary local, then systemic infection. Transmitted organisms include Staphylococcus sp. , Streptococcus sp. and E. coli . Continued breastfeeding, plenty of rest and adequate fluid supply is the best treatment for mild cases.
Overactive exclusion
Overactive let-down (OALD) is the forced expulsion of milk from the breast during breastfeeding. A strong spray of milk can cause the baby to consume too much milk and swallow air during a period of rapid swallowing after a let-down.
Raynaud on the nipple
Very rarely, nipple pain can be caused by nipple vasospasm. In essence, the blood does not flow well to the nipple causing the nipple to blanch. This can be due to trauma to the nipple through early breastfeeding or candida infection of the nipple. Intense pain during the locking stage and between suckling sessions there is a throbbing pain when the nipples are pale. Putting can be massaged to help blood flow back to reduce pain, and avoid cold. In some cases, heart medications, nifedipine, are used to help blood flow back to the nipple.
Maps Breastfeeding difficulties
Infant health issues
Babies with classic galactosemia can not digest lactose and therefore can not benefit from breast milk. Breastfeeding may be harmful to the baby as well if the mother has had pulmonary tuberculosis, is taking certain medications that suppress the immune system. have HIV, or use potentially harmful substances such as cocaine, heroin, and amphetamines. In addition to acute poisoning cases, no environmental pollution is found to cause more damage to the baby than breastfeeding less. Although heavy metals such as mercury are scattered throughout the environment and are of concern to breastfeeding babies, the neural developmental benefits of breast milk tend to rule out the possible adverse effects of neurotoxicity.
Suck weak reflex
Artificial breasts (nipples) or dummy (dot) can suppress the sucking reflex in the baby. In addition, when the baby is placed in the breast for a shorter time, milk production decreases. Time spent sucking a baby on a pacifier or an artificial nipple reduces time on the breast.
Transmission of infection
Tuberculosis
It is not safe for mothers with active and untreated tuberculosis to breastfeed until they are no longer infectious. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics 2006 Redbook:
In areas where BCG vaccination is the standard of care, WHO provides treatment recommendations and advises mothers to continue breastfeeding. TB may be congenital, or perinatal obtained through the spread of air droplets.
HIV
Research published in the Lancet has highlighted the lower risk of HIV transmission by exclusive breast feeding by HIV positive mothers (4% risk), compared with mixed feeding (10-40% risk). Research on the timing of HIV transmission in 2000 revealed that "substantial transmission occurred early in breastfeeding," concluding that 75% of all breastmilk transmissions have occurred within the first 6 months during a randomized control trial in Kenya. This study is particularly important in developing countries where infant formulas are not widely available or safe to prepare. In fact, the World Health Organization recommended breastfeeding in 1987 and 1992 for seropositive and seronegative women in areas where malnutrition and infectious diseases were the leading cause of infant mortality. In 1996 UNAIDS issued a recommendation that women in developing countries consider the risks and benefits of each feeding practice at the individual level; they recommend that women make choices based on information about infant feeding. In the days before the AIDS epidemic were clearly understood, some researchers pointed out the need to increase breastfeeding rates and point to the risk of formula feeding, citing increased levels of marasmus and diarrhea. D Jelliffe and E Jelliffe also criticized the marketing of infant formula by US companies to resource-poor countries, something they call "comerogenogenic malnutrition." A more recent article from 1992 explains how infant health can be compromised by water, which in many resource-poor countries has an environmental pathogen risk that is not present in breast milk.
Drug and poison transmission
Drugs
Most of the drugs are sold freely and prescribed in accordance with breast milk, but there are some that may be passed on to the child through breast milk.
Tobacco smoke
If a person continues to smoke after giving birth, however, it is still more beneficial to breastfeed than completely avoiding this practice altogether. There is evidence that breastfeeding provides protection against many infectious diseases, especially diarrhea. Even in infants exposed to the adverse effects of nicotine through breast milk, the chances of acute respiratory illness are significantly reduced when compared to babies whose mothers smoke but are fed formula. Regardless, the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the risks of nicotine exposure.
The main concern about smoking and breastfeeding is that infants may have a cigarette-induced reduction in the iodine content of milk. Smoking can affect the lactation process by decreasing milk production and changing milk composition. Smoking reduces daily milk production by about 250-300 mL. Not only will it be problematic every day because it does not produce enough milk, it will also cause the mother to wean her baby earlier. The composition of the altered milk also causes the baby to exhibit daily behaviors such as colic and crying that can promote early weaning, again something that is not beneficial to the baby.
Also, nicotine obtained from smoking goes through a woman into her breast milk, thus giving her child a nicotine.
The use of maternal weight by mothers (more than 20 per day) has been shown to reduce maternal breastfeeding and cause vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heartbeat, and anxiety in breastfed babies. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is more common in infants exposed to a smoky environment. Nursing mothers who smoke are given counseling not to do so during or immediately before feeding their child, and are encouraged to seek advice to help them reduce their nicotine intake or quit.
Other substance abuse
With regard to alcohol, the American Academy of Pediatrics states that when breastfeeding, "moderation is recommended" and recommends waiting for 2 hours after drinking before breastfeeding or pumping. The 2014 review found that "even in the theoretical case of binge drinking, children will not be subjected to clinically relevant amounts of alcohol [via breast milk]", and will have no adverse effects on children during "occasional" drinking.
If the mother consumes too much caffeine, it can cause irritability, insomnia, anxiety and increased breastfeeding in breast-fed infants. Moderate use (1-2 cups per day of coffee, tea, or cola) usually does not produce any effect. Breastfeeding mothers are advised to limit or avoid caffeine if their baby reacts negatively to it. Cigarette smoking is thought to increase the effects of caffeine in infants.
Cannabis
Marijuana is listed by the American Association of Pediatrics as a compound that transfers to human breast milk. Research shows that certain compounds in cannabis have a very long half-life.
Diet
Exclusive breastfeeding babies rely on full breast milk so it is important for mothers to maintain a healthy lifestyle, and especially a good diet. Consumption of 1,500-1,800 calories per day can coincide with a weight loss of 450 grams (one pound) per week. While mothers in hunger can produce milk with a high nutritional content, a malnourished mother can produce milk with reduced levels of several micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and vitamin B 12 . He may also have a lower supply than a full mother.
There is no food that is completely contraindicated during breastfeeding, but the baby can show sensitivity to certain foods that the mother consumes.
References
External links
- La Leche League International - Organizations with volunteers who can help with breastfeeding difficulties
- Breastfeeding Problem - Difficulty that mother must face during breastfeeding & amp; their solution
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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